苔丝悲剧原因分析.docx

苔丝悲剧原因分析.docx

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苔丝悲剧原因分析

　AnAnalysisofTess’stragedyinTessofthed’Urbervilles

Abstract

TessoftheD’UrbervillesisoneofthegreatworksbyThomasHardy.Itisagreattragedy，whichwaspublishedin1891.ThistragedycentersonTess,apeasantgirlborninapoorfamily.Everythinghappeninghasitscauses.Tess’stragedyisalsonotaccidental.Thereareseveralaspectsaboutthecauses.Inthispaper,ItrytoexplorethecausesforTess’stragedyinthreeaspects:

（1）theinfluenceoffatalism;

（2）thesocialfactorsconcerned;and（3）Tess’sdualpersonality.

Keywords:

TessoftheD’Urbervilles;ThomasHardy;tragedy;thecauses

摘要

德伯家的苔丝是哈代的巨著之一，1891年出版的一部悲剧。

这部悲剧围绕着出生在贫苦农民家庭的少女苔丝展开。

一切万物皆有因果，苔丝的悲剧也不例外。

苔丝的悲剧结局并不是意外，有各个方面的原因所在。

在这里，我将从以下三个方面，即：

哈代的宿命论，社会因素，和苔丝的性格来分析苔丝悲剧命运的原因。

关键字：

德伯家的苔丝，哈代，悲剧，原因

TableofContents

Acknowledgements……i

Abstractii

摘要iii

TableofContentsiv

Introduction1

ChapterOneHardy'sFatalismintheTragedyofTess3

1.1TheDevelopmentofHardy'sFatalism3

1.2Hardy'sPessimiticFatalisminTess'Tragedy3

ChapterTwoTheSocialFactorsinTess'Tragedy5

2.1TheSocialEnvironmentandtheDevelopmentofCapiatalism5

2.2Tess'PoorFamilyandHerParents'StupidRequirementsofTess5

2.3TheSocialMoralityanditsInfluencesonTess7

2.3.1TheHypocriticalSocialMorality7

2.3.2TheInfluenceofMoralismonTess8

2.4Male'sDominationofFemale9

ChapterThreeTess'PersonalityinHerTragedy11

3.1Tess'Rebellion11

3.2Tess'WeakPointinCharacter13

Conclusion14

WorksCited15

Introduction

1AbriefintroductiontoHardy

1.1Hardyandhislifeenvironment

ThomasHardywasafamousBritishnovelistandpoetinthenineteenthcentury.HecarriedforwardanddevelopedtheliterarytraditionsoftheVictorianAge.Hedescribedthetragicplotsvividlyandtruthfullyinhisworks.Hewasconsideredas“ShakespeareofBritishnovels”.Hardywasborninanamason’sfamilyinDrossier,southwestofEngland,theareathatlaterbecamethefamous“Wessex”inmanyofhisnovels.Hewasexpectedtobecomeanarchitectbyhisparents,andthenhewastrainedasanarchitectandworkedinLondonandDorsetfortenyears.Hardybeganhiswritingcareerasanovelistin1871publishingDesperateRemedies（《计出无奈》）.Hewassoonsuccessfulandleftarchitectureforwriting.Hebecameagreatcriticalrealistinthenineteenthcentury—theVictorianAge,duringwhichgreatchangeshadhappenedinthehistoryofwesterncivilization.Asiswellknown,agreatsocialreformationtookplaceinBritain.Thevarioussocialfactorsincludingreligion,politics,science,influencedpeopleandtriedtotransformtheirmentality.Capitalismwashighlydevelopedandstretchedtothevastcountryside,andtheBritishpeoplewerestrugglingforabrightfuturebravelyanddifficultly.ItwasduringthisspecialperiodthatThomasHardyinheritedanddevelopedtheVictorianliterature,producingalotofgreatnovels，especiallyTessoftheD’Urbervilles.Inthesenovels,heexposedthehypocriticalmorals,lawsandpeople’smiserablelife,especiallythewomen’slifeinsocialeconomic,politics,morals,custom,etc.aftertheinvasionofindustrialcapitalismtotheBritishvillages.

1.2Hardy'sphilosophicalidea—fatalismandhisnovels

InHardylife,hehaswrittenmanynovels.HismajorworksareTheReturnoftheNative（1878）,TheMayorofCasterBridge（1886）,TessoftheD'Urbervilles（1891）,andJudetheObscure（1896）,thelattertwoconsideredmasterpieces.Hardy'snovelsareallsetagainstthetoughandfrightfulDorsetlandscape（knownasWessexinthenovels）.ThetragedyinhisnovelswascertainlyarrangedbyGod'swill.Nomatterhowhardpeopleworkedandresisted,theycouldn’tgetridofthedomination.Thecharactersofhisnovels,forthemajorpartofthepoorerruralclasses,aresympatheticallyandoftenhumorouslyportrayed.TheirliveswererulednotonlybynaturebutalsobyrigidVictoriansocialconventions.Hardy'sstyleisalwayspessimisticandtragic.Hisideahadbeenvividlyexpressedinhisnovels.Everythinginhisstoryleadstooneinevitabletragicending.One’spersonalitydeterminesone’sfate,asisthought,thustheheroesandheroinesinHardy’snovelsaremostlyruralmenandwomenwhosecharacterswereprovincial,tintedwiththetraitsofruralpeople—passionatelikefire,naive,innocentandnarrow-minded—whichononehandmakethemsolovelyandworthsympathy,butcontributetotheirtragedyontheotherhand.

2Antntroductiontothenovel-TessoftheD’Urbervilles

Asiswellknown,TessoftheD'UrbervillesisthemostfamousnovelofThomasHardy.FocusingonthetragicexperienceofitsheroineTess,apeasantgirl,whowasborninapoorfarmer’sfamily.Shehadlivedapoorbutpeacefullife.However,God,begantoplayacrueljokeonthisinnocentgirlwhenherfather,JohnD'UrbervilleslearnedthattheyweredescendedfromtheD’Urbervilles,anancientfamilyoncerenownedinEngland.Tess’sparentswereinanecstasyofdelightoverthenews.HermotherurgedTesstoclaimkinshipwiththeremainingD’Urbervilles,sothatTesscouldmarryagentleman,andthentheywillgetridofthepoorlife.Shewasveryunwilling,butwhenshethoughtofthedeathoftheirhorse,theonlymeanstomaketheirliving,shecametotheD’Urbervilles.ThereshemetAlecD’Urbervilles,whowasattrackedbyTess’sbeautifulappearenceandalwaystriedtoseduceher.Havingreceivedajoboftendingtochickens,TessstayedintheD’Urbervilles.Hertragiclifehadjustbegun.

SoonTesswasrapedandlostherchastity.Shereturnedhomeandtoldhermotherofherterribleexperiences,hopingtogetconsolationfromhermother,butwhathermotheronlyworriedaboutwaswhetherAlecwouldmarryTessornot.Alecutilizedthefactofherpoorfamilyandwantedtohelpher.Thebravegirlrefusedandwenttoworkinthefield,butworsestill,Alectfollowedherfromplacetoplaceinordertopossessheragain.Atlast,TessmanagedtogetridofAlectogivebirthtoherbaby.Thebabydidnotlivelong,however,andafteritsdeath,Tesswenttoadairyfarmasadairymaid.ItwasherethatTessmetAngel,sonofaclergyman,andfellinlovewithhim.Hethoughtofherasabeautifulandinnocentyounggirl.Butherinnocencecausedhertofeelthatshewaswicked,sosherejectedAngelClare'slove.Sherefusedhisloveandurgedhimtoturntooneoftheothergirlseventhoughshesufferedmuchfromagreatgrief.ButAngel,actingagainstthewishesofhisparents,insistedonmarryingwithher.Finally,theygotmarried.ItseemsTesswouldbehappyfromnowon.Ontheirweddingnight,theytoldeachotherabouttheirpasthopingtobeforgivenbyeachother.TessforgaveAngel'spast,andthenshetoldabouthernightmarewithAlec,thinkingthathewouldforgiveherasshehad.ButincontrastAngeldesertedherandleftforBrazil.Inordertokeepherselfandherfamilyalive,Tesshadtobecamealaborinthefieldagain.What’sworse,herfatherdied.WiththebadconditionofherfamilyandnohopetoobtainAngel'sreturn,thepoorgirlwenttoAlecagain,seekinghelpfromAlec,whoisapreachernow,andlivedwithhimashismistress.Unexpectedly,AngelreturnedfromBrazilandrepentedofhiscrueltreatmentofTess.ButTess'srelationshipwithAlecstoppedherfromlivingwithAngelhappily.ShehatedAlecandbelievedallhertragedywascausedbyAlec.Shekilledhim.AfterashorthappylifewithAngel,Tesswasarrestedbythepoliceandhanged.

ChapterOne

Hardy’sfatalisminthetragedyofTess.

1.1ThedevelopmentofHardy'sfatalism.

Fatalismis"thatviewoflifewhichsaysallactionsiscontrolledbythenatureofthingorbyfatewhichisagreatimpersonal,primitiveforceexistingthroughalleternityabsolutelyindependentofhumanwillandsuperiortoanygoodcreatedbyman."（Force,Lorrain.M.1996）.Hardy'spessimisticfatalismdevelopedinhissurroundingenvironment.HelivedintimesofafreedomofcapitalismtoimperialismbytheUnitedKingdomafteraperiodofaprosperouseconomy,butalsodeepenedtheplightofpoorpeopleatlowerlevels,especiallyinthenineteenthcentury.HardywasbornandbredinruralEnglandwhichwasfullofthefatalideabywhichhisnovelsweredeeplyimpacted.Thushewitnessedtheinvasionofcapitalistfarmersinruralareasledtobankruptcy,hedepictedinhisworksthatthecapitalismhadbroughtdisastertoruralfarmers,andsympathytotheplightofthefarmers,butduetoHardy'ssociallimitationsoftheera,eventhoughhewouldliketofindawayouttosolvetheseproblems,therewasnorightwaytofreepoorpeopleoftheirmiseryandtoembraceabrightfuture,heultimatelyfailed,whichledhimtobeapessimist.Infact,Hardydidnotunderstandtherootcausesofthisdeclineandrulesofsocialdevelopment.Therefore,heattributedthepeasants'tragedytoblindchanceormysteriousfate.ThiskindoffatalismisrevealedinHardy'smanyworksespeciallyinTessoftheD'Urbervilles.Hardygavetotheinterpretationofthestoryinaccordancewithhispessimistanddeterministviewoftheworld.（Inasense,TessisthevictimofHardy'sfatalism,andhertragedyisthetragedyofthetimewhenHardylives.

1.2Hardy'spessimisticfatalisminTess'tragedy.

Tess'smiserablelifeislinkedwithHardy'sfatalism.Hardytriedtoexplainthemisfortuneofhischaractersintheperspectiveofthesuperiorpower.Inhisnovels,thecharacters'misfortunatefateisinevitable,andevenhardtoresist.InTessoftheD’Urbervilles,Hardythoughtthatitwasthegod’swillthatmadeTess’tragedy,includingherupsanddownsoflife,herpainfulloveandhertragicdeath.Hedemonstratedhisdeepsenseofmoralsympathyforthepure,