初中英语动词不定式 讲义.docx
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初中英语动词不定式讲义
动词不定式
动词不定式具有两大特点:
1.具有动词的特点,因此,后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语,构成动词不定式短语。
2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点,可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等
1.作主语
(1)
Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.
Tomakeupforlosttimeisnotpossible.
Toleanoutofthewindowisdangerous.
Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.
(2)
①It+be+n.+todo
It'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.
②Ittakessb.+sometime+todosth.
Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?
③It+be+adj.+forsb+todo
Itisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.
Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverything(that)theteachersays.
Itisanoffencetodroplitterinthestreet.
④Itseems(appears)+adj.+todo
Itseemedimpossibletosavemoney.
⑤believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think/wonder+it+谓语+todosth.
Hethoughtitwouldbesafertogobytrain.
Hewillfinditishardtomakefriends.
⑥tohavedone
Tohavemadethesamemistaketwicewasunforgivable.
Itisbettertohavelovedandlostthannevertohavelovedatall.
(3)
(1)It'seasy(forme)todothat…
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
thefirst, thenext, thelast, thebest, toomuch, toolittle, notenough
It'ssonicetohearyourvoice.
It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.
(2)It'sverykindofhimtohelpus.
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate, silly, selfish
例句:
Itwassillyofustobelievehim.
Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.
判断正误:
Toseeistobelieve.
Itistobelievetosee.
练习1.It'sourduty_________theroomeveryday.
A.tocleanB.cleanedC.cleanD.cleans
2.It'shardforus_________Englishwell.
A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning
3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。
Itwill_________theworkersoverayear__________________theflyover.
4.It'sverynice_________youtogetmetwotickets_________theWorldCup.
A.for,ofB.of,forC.to,forD.of,to
3作宾语
1)afford,agree,aim,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,care,choose,claim,condescend,consent,decide,demand,determine,endeavor,expect,fail,help,hesitate,hope,learn,manage,neglect,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,proceed,promise,prove,refuse,resolve,seem,swear,tend,threaten,undertake,volunteer,vow,want,wish
e.g.:
Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.
Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.
2)动词+疑问词+不定式
decide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tell
e.g.
Pleaseshowushowtodothat.
Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.
注意:
Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.
3)主语+动词+it+补语+todo句式。
如:
Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.
Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.
IfinditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.
练习:
1.Hewants______somevegetables.
A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys
2.Don'tforget______yourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.
A.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking
3.Hefounditverydifficult______.
A.sleepingB.sleepsC.sleptD.tofallasleep
4作补语
1)动词+宾语+不定式(todo)
askadvise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induceinstruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose teachtell train urge
e.g.
a. Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.
b. Webelievehimtobeguilty.
练习1.Robertoftenasksus______hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.
A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith
2.MrLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriends______Chinesefood.
A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked
5Find的特殊用法:
Find后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to的动词不定式。
find后也可带一个从句。
此类动词还有get,have。
Ifoundhimlyingontheground.
Ifounditimportanttolearn.
IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.
6典型例题:
Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.
A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying
2)to+be的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare, discover,fancy, feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see,show, suppose, take, understand
WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.
7典型例题:
CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered ___thefirstcomputer.
A.toinvent B.inventing C.tohaveinvented D.havinginvented
3)tobe+形容词
Seem, appear, besaid, besupposed, bebelieved, bethought, beknown, bereported, hope,wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) therebe+不定式
believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
Wedidn'texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as短语做补语,如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.
WeregardTomasourbestteacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Marytookhimasherfather. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
5)秃头不定式作补语
秃头不定式,即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语(宾语补足语)。
用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下:
口诀:
“五看、三使役“,“两听、一感”要记住,若是“宾补”变“主补”,主补“to”字不能无。
动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无。
说明:
五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/lookat;三使役-----have/make/let;两听-----hear/listento;一感-----feel。
例句:
Ioftenseehimgotoschoolonfoot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语)Heisoftenseentogotoschoolonfoot.(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”)Lethimtryagain.----Heislettryagain.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)
练习:
1.Wesawhim______thebuildingandgoupstairs.
A.toenterB.enterC.enteringD.entered(河南省)
2.Somuchworkusuallymakesthem______verytired.
A.tofeelB.feelsC.feelingD.feel(吉林省)
3.Yourfatherissleeping.You'dbetter______.
A.notwakeuphimB.nottowakeuphim
C.notwakehimupD.nottowakehimup(陕西省)
4.Iwasmade______myhomeworkintheafternoon.
A.doB.doingC.todoD.did(贵州省)
8作表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.
②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.
③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①)。
当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容。
④Ourworkisservingthepeople.
⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.
⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Servingthepeopleisourwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。
9作状语
(1)目的状语
To…onlyto(仅仅为了), inorderto, soasto, so(such)…asto…(如此……以便……)
Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
(2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouangry.
Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.
(3)表原因
I'mgladtoseeyou.
典型例题
Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto___.
A.sit B.siton C.beseat D.besaton
答案:
B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词
。
当动词与介词连用时,常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
练习:
1.Shewent______herteacher.
A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing(江西省)
2.MeimeilikesEnglishverymuch.Shedoesherbest______Englishwell.
A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns(四川省)
3.I'msorry______that.
A.hearsB.hearingC.hearD.tohear(河北省)
4.I'msorry______you.
A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled(吉林省)
5.Mymotherwasveryglad______heroldfriend.
A.tomeetB.meetC.metD.meets(甘肃省)
6.Thepandaissofatthatitcan'tgothroughthehole.(改为意思相同的句子)
Thehole________________________suchafatpandatogothrough.(广东省)
7.Theiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn'tskateonit.(改为意思相同的句子)
Theiceonthelakewasn't______enough______people__________________.(广东省)
10作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
如:
①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.
②Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyoursister?
③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?
④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?
⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:
(1)表示将来的动作(例①)。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④)。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②)。
(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。
练习:
1.Wouldyoulikesomething______?
A.drinkB.drinkingC.todrinkD.drinks(湖北省)
2.Ihavealotofhomework______.
A.doB.doingC.didD.todo(河南省)
3.Heisnotaneasyman______.
A.getonB.togetonC.getonwithD.togetonwith(山东省)
区别联系
1动名词与不定式的区别
动名词表达的是:
状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
不定式表达的是:
目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2接不定式或动名词,意义相同
3在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:
I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:
Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:
Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。
如:
Ourteachersdon'tpermitour/usswimminginthelake.
Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake.
4部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。
如:
Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme.
HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?
Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.
Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.
Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.
Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.
语义不同
1 stoptodo(停止做某事) stopdoing(停止正在做某事)
2forgettodo(忘记去做某事) forgetdoing(忘记做了某事)
3 remembertodo(记得要去做某事) rememberdoing(记得做过某事)
4regrettodo(遗憾做某事) regretdoing(遗憾做了某事)
5ceasetodo ceasedoing
6trytodo(努力做某事) trydoing(试着做某事)
7 goontodo(继续去做某事) goondoing(继续做某事)
8afraidtodo(担心做某事) afraiddoing(担心正在做的事)
9 interestedtodo(对做某事感兴趣) interesteddoing(对正在做的感兴趣)
10meantodo(打算做某事) meandoing(做某事很有意义)
11begin/starttodo(开始去做某事) beg