英语专业考研语言学复习资料句法学.docx

英语专业考研语言学复习资料句法学.docx

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英语专业考研语言学复习资料句法学

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Chapter4：

SyntaxI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

thesentencestructurestudies1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelineararithmeticasimpleorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowinglogic.4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticknowledgeoflinguisticthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedrulesalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,buttherespeakersofthatnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativeislanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinating6.

theother.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossof7.grammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesare8.

notfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonly9.

recognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitive

phrase,andauxiliaryphrase.precedestheverbandthedirectusually10.InEnglishthesubjectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.internalizedactuallyspeakerisacomplete11.Whatisinthemindofanativelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,13.generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefrom

14.affirmativetointerrogative.FillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththeletterII.

given:

As________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsa

15.

subjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.usuallythats______isastructurallyindependentunit16.Acomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethat17.

usuallyprecedesthepredicate.18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseand

whichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp_________.

19.Ac_________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhich

isincorporatedintotheother.

20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclause

isnormallycalledane_______clause.

21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareo___categoriesinthesensethat

newwordsareconstantlyadded.

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22.A_____Conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.23.P_______aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguistic

variationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.24.ThetheoryofC_____conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

25.Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothe

grammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.rightB.wrong

C.grammaticalD.ungrammatical

26.A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductoryword

thatintroducestheembeddedclause.

A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.

subordinator

27.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.

27.A.recursiveB.grammatical

C.socialD.functional

28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.

A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D.Alloftheabove.

29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled

________.A.transformationalrulesB.generativerules

C.phrasestructurerulesD.x-bartheory

30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat__________.

A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositions

D.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.31.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinearB.OnlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical32.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite33.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrases

toformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational34._______rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.A.GenerativeB.TransformationalC.X-barD.PhrasestructureIV.Definethefollowingterms:

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35.syntax36.Sentence37.coordinatesentence38.syntacticcategories39.grammaticalrelations40.linguisticcompetence41.transformationalrules42.D-structureV.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?

44.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?

Illustratethemwithexamples.45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?

Why?

46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisof

sentencestructures?

47.WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

l.F2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F10.T11.F12.T13.T14.T

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththeletter

given:

simple,16.sentence17.subject18.predicate19.complex15.20.embedded21.open22.adjacency23.Parameters24.Case

Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethat

III.canbestcompletethestatement:

25.D26.D27.A28.D29.A30.AD32.C33.D34.BIV.31.

Definethefollowingterms:

Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthe35.syntax:

sentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordsto

formgrammaticalsentences.Sentence:

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusually

36.

comprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,

questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleasta

verbapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraandsubject

phrase.twoclausessentence:

coordinateAcoordinatesentencecontains37.

joinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas

and,ut,or.

asentencesandclauses,categories:

38.syntacticApartfrom

syntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword（calledalexical

category）oraphrase（calledaphrasalcategory）thatperforms

aparticulargrammaticalfunction.

functionalandlogicalrelations:

Thestructural39.grammatical

relationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.The

ofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphrasegrammaticalrelations

inthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammatical

relationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.

40.linguisticcompetence:

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofall

ofrulessyntactichumanlanguages,comprisethesystem

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internalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknown

aslinguisticcompetence.41.Transformationalrules:

Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransform

onesentencetypeintoanothertype.42.D-structure:

D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexists

beforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,

withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?

Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicatewhich

containsafiniteverboraverbphrase.44.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?

Illustratethemwith

examples.

Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate（compound）sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectanda

predicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:

Johnreadsextensively.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchasand,ut,or.Forexample:

Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichis

incorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothave

equalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexample:

BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestin

lin-guistics.45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?

Why?

No.

Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.Whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,thewordsofthesentenceareproduced

oneafteranotherinasequence.Acloserexaminationofasentenceshows

thatasentenceisnotcomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimple

linearorderwithoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmetic

logic.Infact,sentencesarealsohierarchicallystructured.Theyare

organizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,such

asnounphrase（NP）orverbphrase（VP）,ascanbeseenfromthefollowing

treediagram:

S

NPVP

NNPDetVt

NDet

theboyThelikesmusic.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysis46.

ofsentencestr