英语专业考研语言学复习资料句法学.docx

1、英语专业考研语言学复习资料句法学- Chapter 4 ： Syntax I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: the sentence structurestudies 1. Syntax is a subfied of linguisticsthat of language, including the combination of morphemes into words. 2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of synt

2、actic rules. 3. Sentences are composedof sequence of words arranged in a simple linear arithmetica simple order, with one adding onto another following logic. 4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic knowledge oflinguisticthat comprise the system of internalizedrules a l

3、anguage speaker are known as linguistic competence. 5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there speakers of thatno limit to the number of sentences native is language are able to produce and comprehend. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subord

4、inating 6. the other. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of 7. grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are 8. not fixed and new members are allowed for. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal

5、 categories are commonly 9. recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. precedes the verb and the directusually 10. In English the subject object usually follows the verb. internalizedactually speaker is a complete11.What is in the mind of a n

6、ative list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. 12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, 13.generate sentences at the level of D-structure. WH-movement is obligatory in En

7、glish which changes a sentence from 14. affirmative to interrogative. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter II. given: A s_ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a 15. subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. usuallythat s_

8、 is a structurallyindependent unit 16. A comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. A s_ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that 17. usually precedes the predicate. 18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says

9、something about the subject is grammatically called p_. 19. A c_ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. 20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_ clause. 21. Major lexical categories are o_ categories i

10、n the sense that new words are constantly added. 1 - - 22. A _ Condition on case assignment states that a caseassignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. 23. P_ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to signific

11、ant linguistic variations between and among natural languages. 24. The theory of C_condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. A senten

12、ce is considered _ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. rightB. wrong C. grammaticalD. ungrammatical 26.A_ inthe embeddedclause refers tothe introductoryword that introduces the embedded clause. A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD. subordinator 2

13、7.Phrase structure rules have _ properties. 27.A. recursiveB. grammatical C. socialD. functional 28.Phrase structurerulesallow us tobetterunderstand _. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sen

14、tences D. All of the above. 29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled _. A. transformational rules B. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory 30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that _. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.

15、B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sentence structure is _. A. only linearB. Only hierarchical C. complexD. both linear and hierarchical 32. The syntactic rules of

16、any language are _ in number. A. largeB. small C. finiteD. infinite 33. The _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences. A. lexicalB. morphological C. linguisticD. combinational 34._ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. GenerativeB. Tra

17、nsformational C. X-barD. Phrase structure IV. Define the following terms: 2 - - 35. syntax36. Sentence37. coordinate sentence38.syntactic categories 39.grammaticalrelations40.linguisticcompetence41. transformational rules 42. D-structure V. Answer the following questions: 43. What are the basic comp

18、onents of a sentence? 44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustratethem with examples. 45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? 46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? 47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.

19、 I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex 15.20.embedded 21.

20、open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.Case There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that III.can best complete the statement: 25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A D 32.C 33.D 34.B IV. 31. Define the following terms: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the35. syn

21、tax: sentence structureof language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually 36. comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or co

22、mmand. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a verb a predicate which contains a finite verb or a and subject phrase. two clausessentence:coordinateA coordinate sentence contains37. joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as and, ut, or. asentencesandclauses,categories:38.

23、syntacticApartfrom syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function. functionaland logicalrelations:The structural39.grammatical relations of constituents are called grammatical relations.

24、 The of a sentence concern the way each noun phrasegrammaticalrelations in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom . 40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all ofrulessyntactichuman languages,comprisethesy

25、stem 3 - - internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence. 41. Transformationalrules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type. 42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists be

26、fore movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure. V. Answer the following questions: 43. What are the basic components of a sentence? Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contai

27、ns a finite verb or a verb phrase. 44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simplesentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which con

28、tains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as and, ut, or. For example: John is reading a linguistic book,and Mary is prep

29、aring for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-gui

30、stics. 45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is utteredor writtendown, the words of the sentence are produced one afteranotherin a sequence. A closer examination ofa sentenceshows that a sentence isno

31、tcomposed of sequence of words arranged ina simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organizedby groupingtogetherwords ofthe samesyntacticcategory,such as noun phrase (NP) orverbphrase (VP),as can be seen from thefollowing tree diagram: S NPVP NNPDetVt NDet theboyThelikes music. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis 46. of sentence str