英美文学shajiji版.docx

英美文学shajiji版.docx

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英美文学shajiji版

EarlyandMedievalEnglishLiterature

PartOneSomeHistoricalFacts★

vI.Theearliestinhabitants:

Britons（atribeofCelts）

vBritain:

“thelandofBritons”

v☺Now,theThreeFamousConquests:

vTheRomanConquest（55BC-410AD）

vTheAnglo-SaxonConquest（449-1066）

vTheNormanConquest（1066-1485）

II.TheRomanConquest（55BC-410AD）

v1.BritainwasinvadedbytheRomansundertheleadershipofJuliusCaesarin55BC,andwascompletelysubjugatedtotheRomanEmpirein78A.D.

v2.RomanmodeoflifecameacrosstoBritain:

vtheaters;bathsconquerors

nativeBritonsslaves

ChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.

v3.RomanEmpirebegantodeclineatthebeginningof5C.

vIn410A.D.alltheRomantroopswentbacktothecontinentandneverreturned.

III.TheAnglo-SaxonConquest（449-1066）★

vIn449A.D.,BritainwasinvadedbythreeGermanictribesfromtheNortheastofEurope:

vAngles（盎格鲁人）Saxons（撒克逊人）Jutes（朱特人）

Anglesintheeast;Jutesinthesoutheast;Saxonsinthesouth

1.InfluencesofthisConquest★

va.Inthe7thcentury,sevenkingdoms→aunitedkingdom:

“England”（“thelandofAngles”）,withAnglesbeingthemostnumerous.

vb.Thetribalsociety→feudalism（“kingship”）

vc.Thethreedialects→aunitedlanguage:

“Anglo-Saxon”（“OldEnglish”）,

vwhichisthefoundationofEnglishlanguageandliterature.

vThehistoryofBritishliteraturebegan.

IV.TheNormanConquest（1066-1485）★

vFrench-speakingNormans,undertheleadershipofDukeWilliam（WilliamtheConqueror）camein1066.

vAfterdefeatingtheEnglishatHastings,WilliamwascrownedastheKingofEngland.

vTheNormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.

v1.TheconquestalsogreatlyinfluencedtheEnglishlanguage.

vNormans:

master;spokeFrench;wroteinLatinandFrench

vSaxons:

servant;spokeOldEnglish;nowrittenliterature.

v2.IntheAnglo-Normanperiod,theprominentkindofliterature,Romances,wereatfirstallinFrench.

v3.Attheendofthe14thcentury,Englishbecamedominantoncemore.

Summary★

vTheMedievalTimesarebetweenthecollapseofRomanEmpire（476AD）andtheRenaissance（14-16C）.

vCanberoughlydividedintotwoperiods:

v1.Anglo-SaxonPeriod:

（TheOldEnglish）

v2.Anglo-NormanPeriod（MiddleEnglish）

PartTwoAnglo-SaxonLiterature

v1.Thereweretwoliterarydivisions:

★

vpagan

vreligious.

v2.Themainliteraryforms:

verse&prose:

vTheAnglo-Saxonliteratureisinitiallyalmostaverseliteratureinoralform.Itwasinthe8thcenturythatAnglo-Saxonproseappeared.

I.Anglo-SaxonPoetry★

v1.PaganPoetry（世俗诗）

vAlsocalledsecularpoetry,itdoesnotcontainanyspecificChristiandoctrine.ItwasrepresentedbyBeowulf（贝奥武甫）.

v2.ReligiousPoetry（宗教诗）

vAlsocalledChristianpoetry,itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideas.ItisrepresentedbyCaedmon（凯德蒙）andCynewulf（塞内武甫）

1.Beowulf：

TheGreatestEnglishepic★★★

b.Beowulf:

theEnglishepic★

vThegreatestOldEnglishpoem,consistingof3182linesandisthefirstEnglishepic.

vThenameofitsauthorisunknown.Itwasoriginallyinanoralform,sungbytheminstrelsattheendofthe6thcentury.Itwaswrittendowninthe10thcenturyorattheendoftheninthcentury.Themanuscriptwasdiscoveredin1705.

c.PoeticFeaturesof“Beowulf”★★★

vi.Theuseofalliteration（头韵）isoneofitsmoststrikingfeatures.

vInalliterativeverse,certainstressedoraccentedwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonant.Thereare4stressesinalinegenerally,threeortwoofwhichshowalliteration.

d.Significanceof“Beowulf”★★★

vHistoricalsignificanceinliterature:

thelongest&greatestepicleftbytheancientGermanictribes,andprobablythemostancienteversincethedemiseoftheGreekandRomanliteratures.

vSocialsignificance:

Thewholepoempresentsusanall-roundpictureofthetribalsocietywithmanyfeudalelementsandsomeChristiancoloring,andageneralknowledgeofitssocialconditionsandcustoms.

2.TheReligiousPoetry★

vThereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideasinthesepoems.

vItisrepresentedbyCaedmon（凯德蒙）andCynewulf（塞内武甫）.

a.Caedmon（610-680）★

vCaedmonisthefirstknown（religious）poetofEngland.HeisknownasthefatherofEnglishsong.

vHisfirstpoemiscalledTheHymnofPraise（赞美诗）.Lateron,Caedmoncomposedmanyotherpoemsbyusingthebiblicalmaterials.

vHislifestoryisvividlydescribedinBede’sTheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople（《英格兰人教会史》）.

b.Cynewulf（early9thCentury）★

vExcepttheunknowncomposerofBeowulf,CynewulfisregardedasthegreatestAnglo-Saxonpoet.

vOfhislifeweknowverylittle.Hewasprobablyanecclesiasticandascholar.Hisnameremainedunknownuntil1840.

vHeproducedfourpoems:

Christ,Juliana,TheFatesoftheApostles,andElene,inwhichadeeploveforChristandreverenceforVirginMaryareexpressed.

II.Anglo-SaxonProse★

vProseliteraturedidnotshowitsappearanceuntilthe8thcentury.

vThereweretwofamousprosewriters:

vVenerableBede（比德）AlfredtheGreat（阿尔弗烈德大王）

a.VenerableBede（673-735）★

vThemostimportantofhisworksisTheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople（英格兰人教会史）.

vThebooknotonlytellsushowChristianitywasintroducedandspreadinEngland,butalsorecountssomehistoricaleventsofthatperiodandAnglo-Saxonmythologicallegends.

PartThreeMedievalLiterature

v1066,theyearoftheNormanConquest,marksthebeginningofAnglo-Normanperiod（1066-1400）.★

vCa.1200:

thebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishLiterature.★

I.Romance

vRomance（骑士文学）,mostlyinFrench,isthedominantkindofliteratureintheAnglo-Normanperiod.★

2.RomanceCycles（组诗）

vTheromancesfallintothreecyclesorthreegroups:

★

va.the“MattersofRome”

vb.the“MattersofFrance”

vc.the“MattersofBritain”

c.TheMattersofBritain★

vThisCyclemainlydealswiththeexploitsofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable.

vSirGawainandtheGreenKnightistheculminationoftheArthurianromances.

III.TranslationoftheBible★

v1.JohnWycliffe（1320-1384）,thefirstattempttotranslatetheLatinversionoftheBibleintoMiddleEnglish.

vKingJames’version（theAuthorizedVersion）（1611）

TheAgeofGeoffreyChaucer（1343---1400）

GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里·乔叟★

FatherofEnglishpoetry

FounderofEnglishrealism

ThefirstgreatpoetwritinginMiddleEnglish

II.LiteraryCareer

v1.TheFrenchperiod

v2.TheItalianperiod

v3.TheEnglishperiod

1.TheFrenchperiod（1360-1372）

vConnectionwiththecourt,

vLoveofFrenchpoets,

vWroteundertheinfluenceofFrenchliterature,

vChieflytranslatedfromtheFrenchworks,suchasRomandelaRose（TheRomanceoftheRose）《玫瑰传奇》★.

2.TheItalianperiod（1372—1386）

vThediplomaticmissionthatsentChaucertoItalyin1372wasamilestoneinhisliterarydevelopment.★

vHehaddirectcontactwiththeItalianRenaissance.PerhapsheacquiredmanuscriptsofworksbyDante,Patriarch,andBoccaccio.

vUndertheinfluenceofItalianliterature,hewroteworkssuchasTroilusandCriseide.

3.TheEnglishperiod（1386--1400）

vThethirdperiodcoversthelastfifteenyearsofthepoet’slife.

vNow,Chaucerstoppedbeingmereinterpreterofotherpoetsandproducedhisownworksfullofmaturity.

vHecreatedTheCanterburyTalesinhisnativelanguage★.

III.MainWorks★

v1.TheRomanceoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》（translationfromFrench）

v

v2.TheHouseofFame《声誉殿堂》（1379-1384）

v3.TroilusandCriseide《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》

v4.TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》

IV.Chaucer’sContributionstoLiterature★★★

va.ChaucermadetheLondondialectthestandardformodernEnglishlanguage,andwasthefirsttowriteinEnglish.Insodoing,establishedEnglishastheliterarylanguageofthecountry.

vb.Heintroduced（fromFranceandItaly）therhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,esp.heroiccouplet,totaketheplaceoftheoldalliterativeverse.

vc.HisworksgiveacomprehensivepictureofChaucer’stime;Forhistrue-to-lifedepictions,ChaucerisgenerallyregardedastheforerunnerofEnglishrealism.

vd.Chaucer’sgentlesatireandmildironymadehimapioneeringEnglishhumoristwriter.

Thefourfeetproducedifferenteffects

3.Themeterofaline★★

vThemeterofaline（诗行的韵律）notonlyincludesthepredominantfootoftheline,butalsothenumberoffeetthatitcontains.

iambicpentameter（抑扬格五<音>步）★★

vIambicpentameteristhemostcommonmeterinEnglishpoetry.

v“pentameter”（五音步）:

indicatesthatalinehasfiveiambic“feet”,i.e.

5.heroiccouplet（英雄诗体，英雄双韵句）★★

varhymedcouplet（押韵对句）:

apairofrhyminglinesiniambicpentameter,

vi.e.twolinesofpoetrywhichendwiththesamesoundandthathavecontaintensyllablesandfivestressesineachline

vHeroiccoupletreferstopoemsconstructedfromasequenceofrhymingpairsofiambicpentameterlines.

7.Blankverse（无韵诗/素体诗）★★

vBlankverse（无韵诗）：

Alsocalledunrhymedpoetrytypicallyiniambicpentameter—hencetheterm“blank”.Shakespeare’sSonnetandMilton’sLostParadisearebothblankverse.

vItwasintroducedintoBritainbythepoetHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey（萨里爵士）,whofirstuseditinhistranslationofAeneid,bytheRomanpoetVirgil.

vMostclosetonaturalrhythmsofEnglishspeech,ithasbeenthedominantverseformofEnglishdramaandnarrativepoetrysincethemid-sixteenthcentury.

TheEnglishRenaissance（late15thC.–middle17thC.）

Par