A Simplified APA Style Guide APA格式.docx
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ASimplifiedAPAStyleGuideAPA格式
ASimplifiedAPAStyleGuide
ZhangChongshuai
Departmentof?
?
?
BeijingUniversityofTechnology
Instructor:
WanWeishan
AcademicEnglish
June6,2013
Abstract(摘要)
ThishandoutispreparedtohelpyougrasptheessentialsofAPAstyle.Allthematerialsarebasedonthe5theditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.Sentencesmarkedwith*arecollectedfromstudents’researchpaperswrittenforthiscourseovertheyearsandareusedassourcesforrevisionexercises.ForsamplepaperinAPAstyle,refertothefirstdraftwrittenbyYuYuepostedatSpiderspace.
Keywords(关键词):
APAstyle,researchwriting
ASimplifiedAPAStyleGuide
ThishandoutispreparedtohelpyougrasptheessentialsofAPAstyle.Allthematerialsarebasedonthe5theditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.Sentencesmarkedwith*arecollectedfromstudents’essaysandareusedasexercisesforrevision.
OrderlyPresentationofIdeas
CoherentOverallStructure
Introduction.Introducethebackground,theproblemandthepurposeofthestudy.Movefromgeneraltospecificinformation.Donotoverwhelmyourreaderswithtoomuchdiscussionoftheliterature.
Body.Dividethebodyparagraphsintoseveralsubsectionsandrelateeachsectiontothethesisstatementinadifferentway.
Conclusions.Discussyourfindingsandtheimplicationsoftheresults;suggestdirectionsforfurtherresearch.Avoidmakinghastyconclusionsorintroducingnewargumentswithoutadequateevidence.
*Introduction1
AsBillGatessays,theworldisnowwitnessingtheexplosionofinformation.Toputthisinanotherway,wehavetodealwithloadsofinformation,muchmorethanever,inthisso-called“DigitalAge”.WiththerapidemergenceoftheInternet,mostoftheinformationweexchangetodayiscarriedon-line.BillGatesbelievestheInternetisasgreatasthefirststeamenginethatalmosteverybureaucracyinthisworldisbeingtransformed.Soisjournalism.Itisnowshiftingfromtraditionaljournalismtowhatwecallparticipatoryjournalism,alsoknownascitizenjournalism.
Perhapsthereareplentyofresearchesdoneonparticipatoryjournalism,butfewofthemhaveexaminedtheroleofeditorsindetail.Andtheeditorsplayacrucialpartinparticipatoryjournalismsincetheypreservetheprinciplesofjournalism.Thus,thisessayattemptstolookintotheeditors’roleandtriestofindouttheoptimalleveloftheirinvolvementinparticipatoryjournalism.Astheessaywillillustrate,theexistenceofeditorsisamusttoparticipatoryjournalism.Andtheirjobistoverifythesourceandchecktheframingofstories.Theessaywilldrawsomeexamplefromyoutube,avideobroadcastingwebsite,toclarifythispoint.
*Conclusion2
Sofartheessayhaslookedattheeditors’roleinparticipatoryjournalismingreatdetail.Byexaminingthreedifferenttypesofparticipatoryjournalism,theessayhasfiguredoutthesignificanceofeditors’roleandtheiroptimallevelofinvolvement.Toconclude,editors’commitmentiscrucialtoparticipatoryjournalism;theirjobshouldbelimitedtocheckingtheframingofinformationandverifyingthesource.
Ithasbeeninheateddebateforalongtimewhetherparticipatoryjournalismistheanswerwhentraditionaljournalismbecomesout-of-date.It’sstilldifficulttotellsincewehaveonlyseentheblueprintofparticipatoryjournalism.MuchhascomewiththerapiddevelopmentoftheInternetandevenmoretofollow.BillGatesbelievestheInternetwillbecomesoincrediblethateventhewildestguesswillnotcatchit.Butinthenearfuturethatwecanforesee,participatoryjournalismwithoptimallevelofeditors’involvementprovidesabetterwaytodealwiththehugequantityofinformation.However,sofartheessayhasnotdiscussededitorialinvolvementaccordingtodifferentformsorparticipatoryjournalism.Andvisualcontentsmayrequiredifferenttechniqueandstrategyfromtextcontents.Furtherresearchesmaylookintotheeditors’rolewithrespecttothedifferentformsofparticipatoryjournalism.
CoherentParagraphs
Topicsentence.Atopicsentenceconveysasingleideathatsignalsthemainpointofaparagraph.Craftatopicchaintolinkallyourparagraphs.
Cohesion.Linkparagraphs,butlimittheuseoftransitiondevicessuchasfirst,second,third,so,since,andwhile
orefertothemainideaofthepreviousparagraph
orepeatkeywordstoconnectideas
ousepronounssuchasthis,andthesetoprovidealink
ousetransitionssuchashowever,asaresult,consequently,inaddition
*Benefits
Amongthebenefitsbroughtbythedilemma-discussionapproach,threefactorscountsformuch,asdiscussedbelow.
Firstly,moraldilemmadiscussionhelpsfostermoralreasoning,insteadofpurevirtuestandard.AccordingtoKohlberg’scriticismagainstthe“abagofvirtue”theory,virtueisjustalabelusedtopraiseorblamecertainpeopleorbehavior,whilemakingmoraldecisionalwaysreliesonotherthinkingmethod(Kohlberg,1981)…
UseofVerbs
Tense
PastTenseorPresentPerfectTense.Usepastorpresentperfecttenseforcitedmaterial.
e.g.Smith(2005)reported…;Smith(2005)hasargued…
e.g.Researchershaveindicatedthatstudiesofpharmacologicaltreatmentsforchildhoodobesityareinconclusive(Berkowitzetal.,2003;McDuffieetal.,2003).
PastTense.Usepasttensetodescriberesearchproceduresandsummarizeresearchresults
e.g.Asurveywasconductedamong200freshmenfromvariousdisciplinesatPekingUniversity…
e.g.Oncevaluesforthedependentvariablewereestablished,theywerecorrelatedwithvaluesforthefourindependentvariables.
e.g.AsshowninTable1,nearlythree-quartersofstudentsinChinausedin-tandemimagery,whereasnearlytwo-thirdsofstudentsinTaiwanusedmirrorimagery…AlthoughthestudentsinChinamadesubstantiallygreateruseofin-tandemimagery,thecorrelationwithacademicmajorwasevenmorerobustinTaiwan:
therenearlyahalfoftheChinesemajorsusedin-tandemimagery,butonlyaboutaquarteroftheEnglishmajorsdid.
PresentTense.Usepresenttensetodescribetheexistingproblems,researchquestionsorhypothesesintheintroductionsectionandtodiscusstheresults,conclusionsandimplications.
e.g.Thispaperstudies,investigates,explores,analyzes,proposes,argues,
attemptsto…
e.g.Onthebasisoftheseresults,ourresponsetothefundamentalquestionposedinthiscomparativestudyisthatstudentsinTaiwanshowgreaterWesternizationwithrespecttotheiruseofdeicticimagery
UsefulLead-inVerbs
∙Thispaperstudies,investigates,explores,analyzes,proposes,argues,attemptsto…
∙Smith(1977)hasclaimed,stated,argued,analyzed,proposed,noted,observed,presented,contended,identified,indicated,examined,cited,summarized,listed,reported…
∙Theresultsshow,suggest,indicate,reveal,demonstrate…
∙Asshown/displayed/illustrated/depictedinFigure1…
UseActiveVoice
*Grameenwassaidtobealeaderinpovertylendingapproach,whichmeansdonorsandgovernmentssubsidizepovertylendingprogramstodeliverlow-interestrateloanstothepoor.
*Lotsofstudieshavebeenconductedandshowntheevidenceofbothinfavorandagainstthelinks.
EffectiveWordChoiceandSentenceConstruction
AvoidColloquialExpressions
*Well,getridofdrugusinginthiscenturyisimpossible.
*Let’sthinkoftheexamplefurthermore.
*Sofartheessayhaslookedattheeditors’roleinparticipatoryjournalismingreatdetail.
Use“we”,“you”and“I”OnlyWhenNecessary
*Ifnot-for-profitdonorsandgovernmentcanstandeconomiccostsformicrocredit,Ibelievetheywilldevotetoanyothermicrofinanceservicesforthesakeofprovidinghelp.
*InthesamewayofGuang-ZhongWangdidinhisarticle,wechoosethesequencesfollowingthesestandards.(tense,source,wordchoice)
*Asyoucanseeinthefigures.
*Researchershavetoldusthat“itispossibletotrainsubjectstobetterdiscriminateassertedandimpliedclaims,butthattherelevantaspectsofsuchtrainingaremultidimensionalandcomplex.(Harris,Dubitsky,Thompson)”
UseSpecificWords
*SomesaidthatChinesemoraleducationisfacingquandariesofitsconcept,tendency,modernization,contentandapplication(Zhang,2002).
*Somepeopleholdtheopinionthattrainticketscalpingissobadthatwemustprohibititwithouthesitations.
*Ticketscalpinghasbecomeahugebusinessactually.
*Nevertheless,therearesomethingslefttobedesired.Firstofall,scholarsstill…
*Inthispaper,threetypesof2Dchiralityarereviewedwiththetimeline(Chap.2toChap.4).Somecommentsandexpectationsaremadeattheendofeachchapter.(Thesisstatement).
*Excitedbytheintrinsic2DchiralityinhighMillerindexmetalsurfaces,peoplebegantoexploretheirsensitivitytochiraladsorbates.
*Somepointsthatlittleisaddressedpreviouslyshouldbepointedoutortakenintoconsideration.
*TheHallofSupremeHarmonyintheForbiddenCity,China’stallesttimberancientpalacebuilding,isunderrestorationthesedays.
*However,thecurrentprojecthasrecalledthelong-lastingcontroversyonthiskindofrepair.
AvoidNounStrings
*temperature-specialdirectionalevolutionstress
Putemphasisattheendofasentence
Cutredundantwordsandideas
*Oneofthemostmainreasonsofsandstormisthedesertificationofpastures,whichsuggeststhatthepasturesareover-exploited.
*Thispaperseekstorepresentananalysisofregulationinthedigitalmusicmarket,whichiscomposedofaphysicalCDmarketandadigitalon-linemarket.
*Itisobviousthatone’slefthandcanneverbesuperimp