A Simplified APA Style Guide APA格式.docx

A Simplified APA Style Guide APA格式.docx

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ASimplifiedAPAStyleGuideAPA格式

ASimplifiedAPAStyleGuide

ZhangChongshuai

Departmentof？

？

？

BeijingUniversityofTechnology

Instructor：

WanWeishan

AcademicEnglish

June6,2013

Abstract（摘要）

ThishandoutispreparedtohelpyougrasptheessentialsofAPAstyle.Allthematerialsarebasedonthe5theditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.Sentencesmarkedwith*arecollectedfromstudents’researchpaperswrittenforthiscourseovertheyearsandareusedassourcesforrevisionexercises.ForsamplepaperinAPAstyle,refertothefirstdraftwrittenbyYuYuepostedatSpiderspace.

Keywords（关键词）:

APAstyle,researchwriting

ASimplifiedAPAStyleGuide

ThishandoutispreparedtohelpyougrasptheessentialsofAPAstyle.Allthematerialsarebasedonthe5theditionofthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.Sentencesmarkedwith*arecollectedfromstudents’essaysandareusedasexercisesforrevision.

OrderlyPresentationofIdeas

CoherentOverallStructure

Introduction.Introducethebackground,theproblemandthepurposeofthestudy.Movefromgeneraltospecificinformation.Donotoverwhelmyourreaderswithtoomuchdiscussionoftheliterature.

Body.Dividethebodyparagraphsintoseveralsubsectionsandrelateeachsectiontothethesisstatementinadifferentway.

Conclusions.Discussyourfindingsandtheimplicationsoftheresults;suggestdirectionsforfurtherresearch.Avoidmakinghastyconclusionsorintroducingnewargumentswithoutadequateevidence.

*Introduction1

AsBillGatessays,theworldisnowwitnessingtheexplosionofinformation.Toputthisinanotherway,wehavetodealwithloadsofinformation,muchmorethanever,inthisso-called“DigitalAge”.WiththerapidemergenceoftheInternet,mostoftheinformationweexchangetodayiscarriedon-line.BillGatesbelievestheInternetisasgreatasthefirststeamenginethatalmosteverybureaucracyinthisworldisbeingtransformed.Soisjournalism.Itisnowshiftingfromtraditionaljournalismtowhatwecallparticipatoryjournalism,alsoknownascitizenjournalism.

Perhapsthereareplentyofresearchesdoneonparticipatoryjournalism,butfewofthemhaveexaminedtheroleofeditorsindetail.Andtheeditorsplayacrucialpartinparticipatoryjournalismsincetheypreservetheprinciplesofjournalism.Thus,thisessayattemptstolookintotheeditors’roleandtriestofindouttheoptimalleveloftheirinvolvementinparticipatoryjournalism.Astheessaywillillustrate,theexistenceofeditorsisamusttoparticipatoryjournalism.Andtheirjobistoverifythesourceandchecktheframingofstories.Theessaywilldrawsomeexamplefromyoutube,avideobroadcastingwebsite,toclarifythispoint.

*Conclusion2

Sofartheessayhaslookedattheeditors’roleinparticipatoryjournalismingreatdetail.Byexaminingthreedifferenttypesofparticipatoryjournalism,theessayhasfiguredoutthesignificanceofeditors’roleandtheiroptimallevelofinvolvement.Toconclude,editors’commitmentiscrucialtoparticipatoryjournalism;theirjobshouldbelimitedtocheckingtheframingofinformationandverifyingthesource.

Ithasbeeninheateddebateforalongtimewhetherparticipatoryjournalismistheanswerwhentraditionaljournalismbecomesout-of-date.It’sstilldifficulttotellsincewehaveonlyseentheblueprintofparticipatoryjournalism.MuchhascomewiththerapiddevelopmentoftheInternetandevenmoretofollow.BillGatesbelievestheInternetwillbecomesoincrediblethateventhewildestguesswillnotcatchit.Butinthenearfuturethatwecanforesee,participatoryjournalismwithoptimallevelofeditors’involvementprovidesabetterwaytodealwiththehugequantityofinformation.However,sofartheessayhasnotdiscussededitorialinvolvementaccordingtodifferentformsorparticipatoryjournalism.Andvisualcontentsmayrequiredifferenttechniqueandstrategyfromtextcontents.Furtherresearchesmaylookintotheeditors’rolewithrespecttothedifferentformsofparticipatoryjournalism.

CoherentParagraphs

Topicsentence.Atopicsentenceconveysasingleideathatsignalsthemainpointofaparagraph.Craftatopicchaintolinkallyourparagraphs.

Cohesion.Linkparagraphs,butlimittheuseoftransitiondevicessuchasfirst,second,third,so,since,andwhile

orefertothemainideaofthepreviousparagraph

orepeatkeywordstoconnectideas

ousepronounssuchasthis,andthesetoprovidealink

ousetransitionssuchashowever,asaresult,consequently,inaddition

*Benefits

Amongthebenefitsbroughtbythedilemma-discussionapproach,threefactorscountsformuch,asdiscussedbelow.

Firstly,moraldilemmadiscussionhelpsfostermoralreasoning,insteadofpurevirtuestandard.AccordingtoKohlberg’scriticismagainstthe“abagofvirtue”theory,virtueisjustalabelusedtopraiseorblamecertainpeopleorbehavior,whilemakingmoraldecisionalwaysreliesonotherthinkingmethod（Kohlberg,1981）…

UseofVerbs

Tense

PastTenseorPresentPerfectTense.Usepastorpresentperfecttenseforcitedmaterial.

e.g.Smith（2005）reported…;Smith（2005）hasargued…

e.g.Researchershaveindicatedthatstudiesofpharmacologicaltreatmentsforchildhoodobesityareinconclusive（Berkowitzetal.,2003;McDuffieetal.,2003）.

PastTense.Usepasttensetodescriberesearchproceduresandsummarizeresearchresults

e.g.Asurveywasconductedamong200freshmenfromvariousdisciplinesatPekingUniversity…

e.g.Oncevaluesforthedependentvariablewereestablished,theywerecorrelatedwithvaluesforthefourindependentvariables.

e.g.AsshowninTable1,nearlythree-quartersofstudentsinChinausedin-tandemimagery,whereasnearlytwo-thirdsofstudentsinTaiwanusedmirrorimagery…AlthoughthestudentsinChinamadesubstantiallygreateruseofin-tandemimagery,thecorrelationwithacademicmajorwasevenmorerobustinTaiwan:

therenearlyahalfoftheChinesemajorsusedin-tandemimagery,butonlyaboutaquarteroftheEnglishmajorsdid.

PresentTense.Usepresenttensetodescribetheexistingproblems,researchquestionsorhypothesesintheintroductionsectionandtodiscusstheresults,conclusionsandimplications.

e.g.Thispaperstudies,investigates,explores,analyzes,proposes,argues,

attemptsto…

e.g.Onthebasisoftheseresults,ourresponsetothefundamentalquestionposedinthiscomparativestudyisthatstudentsinTaiwanshowgreaterWesternizationwithrespecttotheiruseofdeicticimagery

UsefulLead-inVerbs

∙Thispaperstudies,investigates,explores,analyzes,proposes,argues,attemptsto…

∙Smith（1977）hasclaimed,stated,argued,analyzed,proposed,noted,observed,presented,contended,identified,indicated,examined,cited,summarized,listed,reported…

∙Theresultsshow,suggest,indicate,reveal,demonstrate…

∙Asshown/displayed/illustrated/depictedinFigure1…

UseActiveVoice

*Grameenwassaidtobealeaderinpovertylendingapproach,whichmeansdonorsandgovernmentssubsidizepovertylendingprogramstodeliverlow-interestrateloanstothepoor.

*Lotsofstudieshavebeenconductedandshowntheevidenceofbothinfavorandagainstthelinks.

EffectiveWordChoiceandSentenceConstruction

AvoidColloquialExpressions

*Well,getridofdrugusinginthiscenturyisimpossible.

*Let’sthinkoftheexamplefurthermore.

*Sofartheessayhaslookedattheeditors’roleinparticipatoryjournalismingreatdetail.

Use“we”,“you”and“I”OnlyWhenNecessary

*Ifnot-for-profitdonorsandgovernmentcanstandeconomiccostsformicrocredit,Ibelievetheywilldevotetoanyothermicrofinanceservicesforthesakeofprovidinghelp. 

*InthesamewayofGuang-ZhongWangdidinhisarticle,wechoosethesequencesfollowingthesestandards.（tense,source,wordchoice）

*Asyoucanseeinthefigures.

*Researchershavetoldusthat“itispossibletotrainsubjectstobetterdiscriminateassertedandimpliedclaims,butthattherelevantaspectsofsuchtrainingaremultidimensionalandcomplex.（Harris,Dubitsky,Thompson）”

UseSpecificWords

*SomesaidthatChinesemoraleducationisfacingquandariesofitsconcept,tendency,modernization,contentandapplication（Zhang,2002）.

*Somepeopleholdtheopinionthattrainticketscalpingissobadthatwemustprohibititwithouthesitations.

*Ticketscalpinghasbecomeahugebusinessactually.

*Nevertheless,therearesomethingslefttobedesired.Firstofall,scholarsstill…

*Inthispaper,threetypesof2Dchiralityarereviewedwiththetimeline（Chap.2toChap.4）.Somecommentsandexpectationsaremadeattheendofeachchapter.（Thesisstatement）.

*Excitedbytheintrinsic2DchiralityinhighMillerindexmetalsurfaces,peoplebegantoexploretheirsensitivitytochiraladsorbates.

*Somepointsthatlittleisaddressedpreviouslyshouldbepointedoutortakenintoconsideration.

*TheHallofSupremeHarmonyintheForbiddenCity,China’stallesttimberancientpalacebuilding,isunderrestorationthesedays.

*However,thecurrentprojecthasrecalledthelong-lastingcontroversyonthiskindofrepair.

AvoidNounStrings

*temperature-specialdirectionalevolutionstress

Putemphasisattheendofasentence

Cutredundantwordsandideas

*Oneofthemostmainreasonsofsandstormisthedesertificationofpastures,whichsuggeststhatthepasturesareover-exploited.

*Thispaperseekstorepresentananalysisofregulationinthedigitalmusicmarket,whichiscomposedofaphysicalCDmarketandadigitalon-linemarket.

*Itisobviousthatone’slefthandcanneverbesuperimp