A Simplified APA Style Guide APA格式.docx

1、A Simplified APA Style Guide APA格式 A Simplified APA Style Guide Zhang Chongshuai Department of ？Beijing University of TechnologyInstructor：Wan WeishanAcademic English June 6, 2013Abstract（摘要）This handout is prepared to help you grasp the essentials of APA style. All the materials are based on the 5t

2、h edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Sentences marked with * are collected from students research papers written for this course over the years and are used as sources for revision exercises. For sample paper in APA style, refer to the first draft written by

3、 Yu Yue posted at Spiderspace.Keywords（关键词）: APA style, research writingA Simplified APA Style GuideThis handout is prepared to help you grasp the essentials of APA style. All the materials are based on the 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Sentences ma

4、rked with * are collected from students essays and are used as exercises for revision. Orderly Presentation of IdeasCoherent Overall StructureIntroduction. Introduce the background, the problem and the purpose of the study. Move from general to specific information. Do not overwhelm your readers wit

5、h too much discussion of the literature.Body. Divide the body paragraphs into several subsections and relate each section to the thesis statement in a different way.Conclusions. Discuss your findings and the implications of the results; suggest directions for further research. Avoid making hasty con

6、clusions or introducing new arguments without adequate evidence.* Introduction 1As Bill Gates says, the world is now witnessing the explosion of information. To put this in another way, we have to deal with loads of information, much more than ever, in this so-called “Digital Age”. With the rapid em

7、ergence of the Internet, most of the information we exchange today is carried on-line. Bill Gates believes the Internet is as great as the first steam engine that almost every bureaucracy in this world is being transformed. So is journalism. It is now shifting from traditional journalism to what we

8、call participatory journalism, also known as citizen journalism. Perhaps there are plenty of researches done on participatory journalism, but few of them have examined the role of editors in detail. And the editors play a crucial part in participatory journalism since they preserve the principles of

9、 journalism. Thus, this essay attempts to look into the editors role and tries to find out the optimal level of their involvement in participatory journalism. As the essay will illustrate, the existence of editors is a must to participatory journalism. And their job is to verify the source and check

10、 the framing of stories. The essay will draw some example from youtube, a video broadcasting website, to clarify this point.*Conclusion 2So far the essay has looked at the editors role in participatory journalism in great detail. By examining three different types of participatory journalism, the es

11、say has figured out the significance of editors role and their optimal level of involvement. To conclude, editors commitment is crucial to participatory journalism; their job should be limited to checking the framing of information and verifying the source. It has been in heated debate for a long ti

12、me whether participatory journalism is the answer when traditional journalism becomes out-of-date. Its still difficult to tell since we have only seen the blueprint of participatory journalism. Much has come with the rapid development of the Internet and even more to follow. Bill Gates believes the

13、Internet will become so incredible that even the wildest guess will not catch it. But in the near future that we can foresee, participatory journalism with optimal level of editors involvement provides a better way to deal with the huge quantity of information. However, so far the essay has not disc

14、ussed editorial involvement according to different forms or participatory journalism. And visual contents may require different technique and strategy from text contents. Further researches may look into the editors role with respect to the different forms of participatory journalism.Coherent Paragr

15、aphsTopic sentence. A topic sentence conveys a single idea that signals the main point of a paragraph. Craft a topic chain to link all your paragraphs.Cohesion. Link paragraphs, but limit the use of transition devices such as first, second, third, so, since, and while o refer to the main idea of the

16、 previous paragrapho repeat keywords to connect ideaso use pronouns such as this, and these to provide a linko use transitions such as however, as a result, consequently, in addition*Benefits Among the benefits brought by the dilemma-discussion approach, three factors counts for much, as discussed b

17、elow.Firstly, moral dilemma discussion helps foster moral reasoning, instead of pure virtue standard. According to Kohlbergs criticism against the “a bag of virtue” theory, virtue is just a label used to praise or blame certain people or behavior, while making moral decision always relies on other t

18、hinking method (Kohlberg, 1981)Use of Verbs TensePast Tense or Present Perfect Tense. Use past or present perfect tense for cited material. e.g. Smith (2005) reported ; Smith (2005) has arguede.g. Researchers have indicated that studies of pharmacological treatments for childhood obesity are inconcl

19、usive (Berkowitz et al., 2003; McDuffie et al., 2003).Past Tense. Use past tense to describe research procedures and summarize research resultse.g. A survey was conducted among 200 freshmen from various disciplines at Peking University e.g. Once values for the dependent variable were established, th

20、ey were correlated with values for the four independent variables.e.g. As shown in Table 1, nearly three-quarters of students in China used in-tandem imagery, whereas nearly two-thirds of students in Taiwan used mirror imagery Although the students in China made substantially greater use of in-tande

21、m imagery, the correlation with academic major was even more robust in Taiwan: there nearly a half of the Chinese majors used in-tandem imagery, but only about a quarter of the English majors did.Present Tense. Use present tense to describe the existing problems, research questions or hypotheses in

22、the introduction section and to discuss the results, conclusions and implications. e.g. This paper studies, investigates, explores, analyzes, proposes, argues, attempts to e.g. On the basis of these results, our response to the fundamental question posed in this comparative study is that students in

23、 Taiwan show greater Westernization with respect to their use of deictic imageryUseful Lead-in Verbs This paper studies, investigates, explores, analyzes, proposes, argues, attempts to Smith (1977) has claimed, stated, argued, analyzed, proposed, noted, observed, presented, contended, identified, in

24、dicated, examined, cited, summarized, listed, reported The results show, suggest, indicate, reveal, demonstrate As shown/displayed/illustrated/depicted in Figure 1 Use Active Voice*Grameen was said to be a leader in poverty lending approach, which means donors and governments subsidize poverty lendi

25、ng programs to deliver low-interest rate loans to the poor.*Lots of studies have been conducted and shown the evidence of both in favor and against the links.Effective Word Choice and Sentence ConstructionAvoid Colloquial Expressions*Well, get rid of drug using in this century is impossible.* Lets t

26、hink of the example further more.*So far the essay has looked at the editors role in participatory journalism in great detail.Use “we”, “you” and “I” Only When Necessary*If not-for-profit donors and government can stand economic costs for microcredit, I believe they will devote to any other microfin

27、ance services for the sake of providing help. *In the same way of Guang-Zhong Wang did in his article, we choose the sequences following these standards. (tense, source, word choice)*As you can see in the figures.* Researchers have told us that “it is possible to train subjects to better discriminat

28、e asserted and implied claims, but that the relevant aspects of such training are multidimensional and complex.(Harris, Dubitsky, Thompson)”Use Specific Words*Some said that Chinese moral education is facing quandaries of its concept, tendency, modernization, content and application (Zhang, 2002). *

29、Some people hold the opinion that train ticket scalping is so bad that we must prohibit it without hesitations.*Ticket scalping has become a huge business actually.*Nevertheless, there are some things left to be desired. First of all, scholars still * In this paper, three types of 2D chirality are r

30、eviewed with the timeline (Chap. 2 to Chap. 4). Some comments and expectations are made at the end of each chapter.(Thesis statement).*Excited by the intrinsic 2D chirality in high Miller index metal surfaces, people began to explore their sensitivity to chiral adsorbates.*Some points that little is

31、 addressed previously should be pointed out or taken into consideration.*The Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, Chinas tallest timber ancient palace building, is under restoration these days. *However, the current project has recalled the long-lasting controversy on this kind of repair.A

32、void Noun Strings *temperature-special directional evolution stressPut emphasis at the end of a sentence Cut redundant words and ideas*One of the most main reasons of sandstorm is the desertification of pastures, which suggests that the pastures are over-exploited.*This paper seeks to represent an analysis of regulation in the digital music market, which is composed of a physical CD market and a digital on-line market. *It is obvious that ones left hand can never be superimp