Mammal intervention list.docx

Mammal intervention list.docx

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Mammalinterventionlist

MAMMALCONSERVATION:

ASYNOPSISOFTHEEVIDENCE

–Draftlistofinterventionsformammalconservation.

ThislistisbasedupontheIUCNthreatclassification.Itiscurrentlyaprovisionallistofthreatsandinterventions.Theexerciseisglobal.

THREAT:

RESIDENTIAL&COMMERCIALDEVELOPMENT

Housing&urbanareas

Commercial&industrialareas

Tourism&recreationareas

1.Uselegalprotectionofspecies

2.Protectareasfromdevelopment（e.g.fencing）

3.Provideforaginghabitatinurbanareas

4.Retain/replacecommutingroutes

5.Restricttimingoftimbertreatments

THREAT:

AGRICULTURE&AQUACULTURE

Allfarmingsystems

1.Maintain/increaseproportionofsemi-naturalhabitat

2.Maintain/restorehabitatconnectivity

3.Createhabitatconnectivity

4.Maintain/restorehedgerows

5.Createhedgerows

6.Agri-environmentschemes

Annual&perennialnon-timbercrops

7.Create/Retainunharvestedfield-margins

8.Provide/retainset-asideareas

9.Increasecropdiversity

10.Createbeetlebanks

11.Providerefuges/shelterinfieldsduringharvest

12.Providerefuges/shelterinfieldsduringwinter

Conflictwithfarmers

13.Payfarmerstocompensateforloss

14.Communityeducation

15.Issuepolicytosolveconflicts

16.Installnon-electricwildlifeexclusionfencing

17.Installelectricfencing

18.Usetreenets

19.Usetreetubes/smallfencestoprotectindividualtrees

20.Useditches,moats,wallsorotherbarricades

21.Usewatchmentodetercropdamage

22.Useloudnoisestodetercropdamage

23.Playpredatorcallstodetercropdamage

24.Usebeestodetercropdamage（e.g.elephants）

25.Growunattractivecropinbufferzonearoundcrops（e.g.chilipeppers）

26.Usemobilephonecommunicationstowarnfarmersofanimalmovements（e.g.elephants）

27.Usescaredevices（noise,light,scarecrows）

28.Usefiretoreducecropdamage

29.Usepheromonestodetercropdamage

30.Userepellentsthattastebad（‘contactrepellents’）todetercropdamage

31.Userepellentsthatsmellbad（‘arearepellents’）todetercropdamage

32.Usedogstoguardcrops

33.UseGeo-fencingforradio-collaredanimals（virtualfencelineSMSsenttowarnranger/farmer）

34.Plantfavouredcropsoutsidefarmland/providealternativefoodresourcesoutsidefarmland

35.Removeproblemanimals（seeSpeciesmanagement）

Livestockfarming&ranching

36.Reducinggrazingintensity

37.Installfencingtoexcludelivestockfromareas

38.Installfencingtoexcludewildlifepredators/competition

39.Useflagstodeterwildlife

40.Changemowingregime（e.g.timing,frequency,height）

41.Leaveuncutryegrassinsilagefield

42.Providerefugesinfieldsduringmowing

43.Maintainlowlandheath

44.Usepheromonestodeterpredators?

?

Wood&pulpplantations（seeBiologicalresourceuse）

Marine&freshwateraquaculture

45.Usefencing/nettingtoreducefishpredation

THREAT:

ENERGYPRODUCTION&MINING

1.Habitat（mitigationsite）management/restoration

2.Useelectricfencingtodeteranimals

3.UserepellentstoReduceCableGnawing

4.Installpipelinecrossings

THREAT:

TRANSPORTATION&SERVICECORRIDORS

Roads&railways

1.Installtunnels/culverts/underpass

2.Installwildlifebridges

3.Installone-waygates

4.Installbarrierfencingalongroads

5.Installwildlifewarningreflectorsalongroads

6.Installwildlifeacousticwarningalongroads

7.Modifyroadsidevegetationtoreducecollisions

8.Retain/maintainroadvergesforanimal

9.Signage（seasonal,temporary）towarnmotorists

10.Limitdriverspeedbysettingspeedlimits

11.Installspeedbumps

12.Useroadlighting/redlasertoreducecollisions

13.Usechemicalrepellentalongtheroad

14.Modify/divertmigrationroutestoavoidroads

15.Providefood/saltlicktodivertwildlifefromroads

16.Spraywildlifewithreflectivepaint（

17.Preventvehicleaccess

THREAT:

BIOLOGICALRESOURCEUSE

Hunting&collectinganimals

18.Usemammalssustainably

19.Sethuntingquotas

20.Sethuntingseason

21.Prohibithuntingofparticularsex/age/breedingstatusanimals

22.Uselegislativeregulationtoprotectwildpopulations

23.Provide/increaseanti-poachingpatrols

24.Preventintroductionofnon-nativemammals（e.g.gametrade）

25.Reduceimpactofmammaltrade

26.Commerciallybreedforthemammalproductiontrade

27.Promotesustainablealternativelivelihoods

Logging&woodharvest

28.Harvestgroupsoftreesinsteadofclearcutting

29.Usepatchretentionharvestinginsteadofclearcutting

30.Useselectiveharvestinginsteadofclearcutting

31.Leavestandingdeadwood/snagsinforests

32.Leavecoarsewoodydebrisinforests

33.Retainriparianbufferstripsduringtimberharvest

34.Retainwildlifecorridorstomitigateloggingimpact

35.Thintreeswithinforest

36.Coppicetrees

37.Harvesttimberatacertaintimeofyear

38.Controlbeaverstoreduceconflict

THREAT:

HUMANINTRUSIONS&DISTURBANCE

Recreationalactivities

1.Usewildliferefugestoreducehuntingdisturbance

2.Reducehuman-wildlifeconflict……

3.Usesignsoraccessrestrictions

4.Setminimumdistancesforapproachinganimals

5.Setmaximumnumberofpeople/vehiclesapproachinganimals

6.Providepathstolimitextentofdisturbance

7.Usevoluntaryagreementswithlocalstoreducedisturbance

8.Habituatemammalstovisitors

9.Reducedisturbancebytourists

War,civilunrest&militaryexercises

THREAT:

NATURALSYSTEMMODIFICATION

Fire&firesuppression

1.Useprescribedburning

2.Usefiresuppression/control

Dams&watermanagement/use

3.Provideartificialwaterholesindryseason

4.Usefencingtoprotectwatersourcesforwildlife

THREAT:

INVASIVE&OTHERPROBLEMATICSPECIES&GENES

Invasivespecies

1.Remove/controlcanetoads

2.Remove/controlnon-nativemammals

3.Remove/controlnon-nativeinvasiveplants

4.Providesupplementaryfoodtoencouragepreyswitch

Reducepredation

5.Remove/controlpredatorsusingpoisonbaits

-Aerialdistributionofpoisonbaits

6.Reduceincidentalmortalityduringpredatoreradication

7.Usefencingtoexcludepredators

8.Remove/controlpredatorsbytrapping

Reducecompetingspecies

Reduceadversehabitatalterationbyotherspecies

1.Remove/controlproblematicspeciesusingfencing

2.Remove/controlproblematicspeciesusingpoisonbait

Reducehybridization

1.Excludespeciesthatcouldinterbreedusingfencing

2.Remove/controlspeciesthatcouldinterbreedbycatching

Diseases

3.Treatdiseaseinthewild

4.Usevaccinationprogramme

5.Remove/control‘reservoir’species

6.Cullinfectedanimals

7.Usefencingtoseparateanimals

8.Prohibitvisitorswhoareill（e.g.gorillas）

9.Tick/fleacontrol

10.Usedrugstotreatlungworm

11.Treatdiseaseincaptivepopulations

THREAT:

POLLUTION

Agriculturalpollution

1.Reducepesticide,herbicideorfertilizeruse

2.Leaveheadlandsinfieldsunsprayed

3.Plantriparianbuffers

4.Preventpollutionfromagriculturallandsandsewagetreatmentfacilitiesenteringwatercourses

5.Installwallsorbarrierstoexcludepollutants

6.Userepellentonslugpelletstoreducenon-targetpoisoning

Industrialpollution

THREAT:

CLIMATECHANGE&SEVEREWEATHER

1.Providerefuges

-Provideartificiallyplacedlogpilerefuges

2.Retain/providemigrationcorridors

3.Protectionofhabitatalongelevationalgradients

4.Providedams/waterholesduringdrought

5.Removefloodwater

HABITATPROTECTION

1.Legallyprotecthabitatsformammals

-Fencedreserve

-Unfencedreserve

2.Privatelyprotecthabitat

3.Maintain/restorehabitatcorridorsbetweenhabitatpatches/migrationroutes

4.Retainbufferzonesaroundcorehabitat

HABITATRESTORATION&CREATION

1.Replantvegetation

2.Removevegetationbyhand/mechanically

3.Removevegetationusingherbicides

4.Restoreorcreatewetlands

5.Restoreorcreatesavannas

6.Restoreorcreateforest

7.Restoreorcreateshrubland

8.Restorepine-grassland

9.Shrubmanagement

10.Createcorridorsbetweenhabitatpatches

11.Convertfarmlandtoconservation/tourismareas

SPECIESMANAGEMENT

Populationcontrol

1.Cullpopulation

-Open-EntrySpike-Bull,Limited-EntryBranched-BullHarvesting（eg.elk）

-Sexspecificculling

-Usetouriststohunt/cull

2.Usecontraceptivetechniques

-Virus-vectoredimmunocontraception

3.Cullproblemanimals

4.Translocateproblemanimals

5.Preventinter-breeding

6.Evaluatetherestocktiming

Speciesrecovery

7.Rehabilitateinjuredmammals

8.Captive-rearorphans（adoptionorhand-rear）

9.Fosteryoungwithwildconspecifics

10.Provideartificialbreedingsites

11.Provideartificialrefuges/nestboxes

12.Providesupplementaryfoodtoincreasereproduction/survival

13.Preventdrowning

14.Translocation

-Translocatetorestorehistoricpopulations

-Translocatetoaugmentpopulations

-Ensuregeneticvariationtoincreasesuccess

-Usingbehaviortoinformconservationaction

15.Reintroduction（belongtotranslocation?

）

-Reintroduceamixedwild-captivegroup

-Reintroducepredator

-Releaserehabilitated（e.g.injured）individuals

-Releasecaptive-rearedorphans

-Managementinsmallfencedreserve

-Releaseinspecificseason

16.Captivebreeding

-Captivebreedingusingartificialinsemination

-Hand-rearcaptive-bredanimals

-Cancaptivebreedingreducefitnessofindividuals?

-Semi-captivebreeding

-Ensuregeneticvariation

-Selectivebreeding

17.Releasecaptive-bredindividuals

-Releasetorestorehistoricpopulations

-Releasetoaugmentpopulations

-Ensureanimalsarefamiliarwithothersbeforerelease

-Releaseingroups

-Trainanimalsbef