Mammal intervention list.docx

1、Mammal intervention listMAMMAL CONSERVATION: A SYNOPSIS OF THE EVIDENCE Draft list of interventions for mammal conservation.This list is based upon the IUCN threat classification. It is currently a provisional list of threats and interventions. The exercise is global.THREAT: RESIDENTIAL & COMMERCIAL

2、 DEVELOPMENTHousing & urban areasCommercial & industrial areasTourism & recreation areas1. Use legal protection of species2. Protect areas from development (e.g. fencing)3. Provide foraging habitat in urban areas4. Retain/replace commuting routes 5. Restrict timing of timber treatments THREAT: AGRIC

3、ULTURE & AQUACULTUREAll farming systems1. Maintain/increase proportion of semi-natural habitat2. Maintain/restore habitat connectivity 3. Create habitat connectivity 4. Maintain/restore hedgerows5. Create hedgerows6. Agri-environment schemesAnnual & perennial non-timber crops7. Create/Retain unharve

4、sted field-margins8. Provide/retain set-aside areas9. Increase crop diversity10. Create beetle banks11. Provide refuges/shelter in fields during harvest12. Provide refuges/shelter in fields during winterConflict with farmers13. Pay farmers to compensate for loss 14. Community education15. Issue poli

5、cy to solve conflicts16. Install non-electric wildlife exclusion fencing 17. Install electric fencing18. Use tree nets19. Use tree tubes/small fences to protect individual trees20. Use ditches, moats, walls or other barricades21. Use watchmen to deter crop damage22. Use loud noises to deter crop dam

6、age23. Play predator calls to deter crop damage24. Use bees to deter crop damage (e.g. elephants)25. Grow unattractive crop in buffer zone around crops (e.g. chili peppers)26. Use mobile phone communications to warn farmers of animal movements (e.g. elephants)27. Use scare devices (noise, light, sca

7、recrows) 28. Use fire to reduce crop damage29. Use pheromones to deter crop damage30. Use repellents that taste bad (contact repellents) to deter crop damage31. Use repellents that smell bad (area repellents) to deter crop damage32. Use dogs to guard crops33. Use Geo-fencing for radio-collared anima

8、ls (virtual fence line SMS sent to warn ranger/farmer)34. Plant favoured crops outside farmland/provide alternative food resources outside farmland35. Remove problem animals (see Species management)Livestock farming & ranching36. Reducing grazing intensity37. Install fencing to exclude livestock fro

9、m areas38. Install fencing to exclude wildlife predators/competition 39. Use flags to deter wildlife 40. Change mowing regime (e.g. timing, frequency, height)41. Leave uncut rye grass in silage field 42. Provide refuges in fields during mowing43. Maintain lowland heath44. Use pheromones to deter pre

10、dators ?Wood & pulp plantations (see Biological resource use)Marine & freshwater aquaculture45. Use fencing/netting to reduce fish predationTHREAT: ENERGY PRODUCTION & MINING 1. Habitat (mitigation site) management/restoration2. Use electric fencing to deter animals 3. Use repellents to Reduce Cable

11、 Gnawing4. Install pipeline crossingsTHREAT: TRANSPORTATION & SERVICE CORRIDORSRoads & railways1. Install tunnels/culverts/underpass2. Install wildlife bridges3. Install one-way gates 4. Install barrier fencing along roads 5. Install wildlife warning reflectors along roads 6. Install wildlife acoust

12、ic warning along roads 7. Modify roadside vegetation to reduce collisions 8. Retain/maintain road verges for animal9. Signage (seasonal, temporary) to warn motorists10. Limit driver speed by setting speed limits11. Install speed bumps12. Use road lighting/red laser to reduce collisions13. Use chemic

13、al repellent along the road14. Modify/divert migration routes to avoid roads15. Provide food/salt lick to divert wildlife from roads16. Spray wildlife with reflective paint (17. Prevent vehicle accessTHREAT: BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE USEHunting & collecting animals18. Use mammals sustainably 19. Set hunti

14、ng quotas20. Set hunting season21. Prohibit hunting of particular sex/age/breeding status animals 22. Use legislative regulation to protect wild populations 23. Provide/increase anti-poaching patrols24. Prevent introduction of non-native mammals (e.g. game trade)25. Reduce impact of mammal trade 26.

15、 Commercially breed for the mammal production trade27. Promote sustainable alternative livelihoodsLogging & wood harvest28. Harvest groups of trees instead of clearcutting 29. Use patch retention harvesting instead of clearcutting 30. Use selective harvesting instead of clearcutting 31. Leave standi

16、ng deadwood/snags in forests 32. Leave coarse woody debris in forests 33. Retain riparian buffer strips during timber harvest 34. Retain wildlife corridors to mitigate logging impact35. Thin trees within forest36. Coppice trees37. Harvest timber at a certain time of year38. Control beavers to reduce

17、 conflictTHREAT: HUMAN INTRUSIONS & DISTURBANCE Recreational activities1. Use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting disturbance2. Reduce human-wildlife conflict3. Use signs or access restrictions4. Set minimum distances for approaching animals5. Set maximum number of people/vehicles approaching animals

18、6. Provide paths to limit extent of disturbance7. Use voluntary agreements with locals to reduce disturbance8. Habituate mammals to visitors9. Reduce disturbance by tourists War, civil unrest & military exercisesTHREAT: NATURAL SYSTEM MODIFICATIONFire & fire suppression1. Use prescribed burning 2. U

19、se fire suppression/controlDams & water management/use3. Provide artificial waterholes in dry season 4. Use fencing to protect water sources for wildlifeTHREAT: INVASIVE & OTHER PROBLEMATIC SPECIES & GENESInvasive species1. Remove/control cane toads2. Remove/control non-native mammals 3. Remove/cont

20、rol non-native invasive plants4. Provide supplementary food to encourage prey switch Reduce predation5. Remove/control predators using poison baits - Aerial distribution of poison baits 6. Reduce incidental mortality during predator eradication7. Use fencing to exclude predators 8. Remove/control pr

21、edators by trappingReduce competing speciesReduce adverse habitat alteration by other species 1. Remove/control problematic species using fencing2. Remove/control problematic species using poison baitReduce hybridization1. Exclude species that could interbreed using fencing2. Remove/control species

22、that could interbreed by catchingDiseases 3. Treat disease in the wild4. Use vaccination programme5. Remove/control reservoir species6. Cull infected animals7. Use fencing to separate animals8. Prohibit visitors who are ill (e.g. gorillas)9. Tick/flea control 10. Use drugs to treat lungworm11. Treat

23、 disease in captive populations THREAT: POLLUTIONAgricultural pollution1. Reduce pesticide, herbicide or fertilizer use2. Leave headlands in fields unsprayed3. Plant riparian buffers4. Prevent pollution from agricultural lands and sewage treatment facilities entering watercourses5. Install walls or

24、barriers to exclude pollutants6. Use repellent on slug pellets to reduce non-target poisoningIndustrial pollutionTHREAT: CLIMATE CHANGE & SEVERE WEATHER1. Provide refuges - Provide artificially placed log pile refuges 2. Retain/provide migration corridors3. Protection of habitat along elevational gr

25、adients4. Provide dams/water holes during drought5. Remove flood water HABITAT PROTECTION1. Legally protect habitats for mammals - Fenced reserve- Unfenced reserve2. Privately protect habitat3. Maintain/restore habitat corridors between habitat patches/migration routes 4. Retain buffer zones around

26、core habitat HABITAT RESTORATION & CREATION1. Replant vegetation2. Remove vegetation by hand/mechanically3. Remove vegetation using herbicides4. Restore or create wetlands5. Restore or create savannas6. Restore or create forest7. Restore or create shrubland8. Restore pine-grassland 9. Shrub manageme

27、nt 10. Create corridors between habitat patches11. Convert farmland to conservation/tourism areasSPECIES MANAGEMENTPopulation control1. Cull population- Open-Entry Spike-Bull, Limited-Entry Branched-Bull Harvesting (eg. elk)- Sex specific culling - Use tourists to hunt/cull2. Use contraceptive techn

28、iques- Virus-vectored immunocontraception 3. Cull problem animals4. Translocate problem animals5. Prevent inter-breeding6. Evaluate the restock timing Species recovery7. Rehabilitate injured mammals8. Captive-rear orphans (adoption or hand-rear)9. Foster young with wild conspecifics10. Provide artif

29、icial breeding sites11. Provide artificial refuges/nest boxes12. Provide supplementary food to increase reproduction/survival13. Prevent drowning14. Translocation- Translocate to restore historic populations- Translocate to augment populations- Ensure genetic variation to increase success - Using be

30、havior to inform conservation action 15. Reintroduction (belong to translocation?)- Reintroduce a mixed wild-captive group - Reintroduce predator - Release rehabilitated (e.g. injured) individuals- Release captive-reared orphans- Management in small fenced reserve - Release in specific season16. Cap

31、tive breeding- Captive breeding using artificial insemination - Hand-rear captive-bred animals- Can captive breeding reduce fitness of individuals?- Semi-captive breeding- Ensure genetic variation - Selective breeding 17. Release captive-bred individuals- Release to restore historic populations- Release to augment populations- Ensure animals are familiar with others before release- Release in groups- Train animals bef