斯特林发动机汇总.docx
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斯特林发动机汇总
斯特林发动机
斯特林发动机是一种闭循环活塞式热机,闭循环的意思是工作燃气一直保存在气缸内,而开循环则如内燃机和一些蒸气机需要与大气交换气体。
斯特林发动机一般被归为外燃机。
切图以外的菱形驱动器测试配置斯特林发动机的设计:
*粉红-热筒壁
*深灰色-冷筒壁(与冷却进排气管在黄色)
*暗绿色-热绝缘分开的两个汽缸结束
*浅绿色-置换活塞
*深蓝色-功率活塞
*淡蓝色-曲柄连杆和飞轮
没有表明:
热源和热汇。
在此设计了置换活塞构造没有专门建造的再生。
介绍
斯特林发动机在热机中的效率目前是最高的,有时可以达到80%。
Intheconversionofheatintomechanicalwork,theStirlingenginehasthepotentialtoachievethehighestefficiencyofanyheatengine.ItcantheoreticallyperformuptothefullCarnotefficiency,althoughnotyetinpractice.Thepracticallimitationsincludethenon-idealpropertiesoftheworkinggas,andmaterialpropertiessuchasfriction,thermalconductivity,tensilestrength,creep,rupturestrength,andmeltingpoint.TheStirlingenginecanrunonanyheatsource,includingchemical,solar,geothermalandnuclear.TherearemanypossibleimplementationsoftheStirlingengine.Mostfallintothecategoryofreciprocatingpistonengine.
Incontrasttointernalcombustionengines,Stirlingengineshavethepotentialtouserenewableheatsourcesmoreeasily,tobequieter,andtobemorereliablewithlowermaintenance.Theyarepreferredforapplicationsthatvaluetheseuniqueadvantages,particularlyifthethecostperunitenergygenerated($/kWh)ismoreimportantthanthecapitalcostperunitpower($/kW).Onthisbasis,Stirlingenginesarecostcompetitiveuptoabout100kW.[3]
Comparedtoaninternalcombustionengineofthesamepowerrating,Stirlingenginescurrentlyhaveahighercapitalcostandareusuallylargerandheavier.Theirlowermaintenancerequirementsmaketheoverallenergycostcomparable.Thethermalefficiencyisalsocomparable(forsmallengines),rangingfrom15%-30%.[3]Forapplicationssuchasmicro-CHP,aStirlingengineisoftenpreferabletoaninternalcombustionengine.Otherapplicationsincludewaterpumping,space-basedastronautics,andelectricalgenerationfromplentifulenergysourcesthatareincompatiblewiththeinternalcombustionengine,suchassolarenergy,andbiomasssuchasagriculturalwasteandotherwastesuchasdomesticrefuse.StirlingshavealsobeenusedasamarineengineinSwedishGotlandclasssubmarines.[4]
HoweverStirlingsaregenerallynotprice-competitiveasanautomobileengine,duetohighcostperunitpower,lowpowerdensityandhighmaterialcosts.
Inrecentyears,theadvantagesofStirlingengineshavebecomeincreasinglysignificant,giventheriseinliquidfuelpricesandconcernssuchaspeakoilandclimatechange.Stirlingenginesaddresstheseissuesbybeingverycompatiblewithallrenewableenergyandfuelsources.ThesegrowinginterestsinStirlingtechnologyhavefosteredtheongoingresearchanddevelopmentofStirlingdevices,andR&Dbreakthroughshaveinturnincreasedinterestinthetechnology.
Ifsuppliedwithmechanicalpower,Stirlingscanfunctioninreverseasaheatpumpforheatingorcooling.ExperimentshavebeenperformedusingwindpowerdrivingaStirlingcycleheatpumpfordomesticheatingandairconditioning.Inthelate1930s,thePhilipsCorporationoftheNetherlandssuccessfullyutilizedtheStirlingcycleincryogenicapplications.[5]
Basicanalysisisbasedontheclosed-formSchmidtanalysis
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斯特林发动机是一个封闭的循环蓄热式发动机,气体工质。
“封闭循环”是指工作流体内永久的发动机。
工作流体是气体推动活塞上。
这种外部热发动机可以驱动任何热源。
“再生”是指利用一个内部换热器称为'再生'这增加了发动机的热效率相比,类似的,但简单的热空气引擎。
斯特林循环的值得注意的是,其完善的理论效率;然而这还没有实现的理想仍然是一项巨大的工程挑战。
然而,目前的设计,指出其效率高,操作安静和方便,他们可以利用什么否则将废热。
斯特林发动机在目前激动人心的利益为核心的组成部分,国内热电联产(热电联产)单位,这可能产生重大影响全世界的能源消耗。
[1][2]
空军是一个许多可能的气体,可用于在一个斯特林发动机。
所谓“热空气引擎”一般用来包含任何热空气引擎的工作液。
热空气引擎可以使用任何一个几个不同的热力循环,包括布雷顿循环,爱立信斯特林循环或周期。
在斯特林发动机已用于小型低功耗应用了近两个世纪。
斯特林发动机继续使用他们的能力提供机械或电力,加热或冷却的应用,热源和散热片可用。
斯特林发动机背景
Name
Thoughithadbeensuggestedasearlyas1884thatallclosedcycleairenginesshouldbegenericallycalledStirlingenginesaftertheinventorofthefirstpracticalexample,theideafoundlittlefavourandthevarioustypesonthemarketcontinuedtobeknownbythenameoftheirindividualdesignerormanufacturer.Then,inthe1940s,thePhilipscompanywassearchingforasuitablenameforitsversionofthe'air'enginewhichbythattimehadalreadybeentestedwithothergases.Rejectingmanysuggestions,including'hotgasengine'('gasengine'wasalreadyingeneraluseforinternalcombustionenginesrunningongaseousfuels)and'externalcombustionengine'(didnotdifferentiatebetweenopenandclosedcycles),Philipseventuallysettledon'Stirlingengine'inApril1945.Generalacceptanceofthetermfollowedafewyearslater.[8]
Earlyyears
IllustrationtoRobertStirling's1816patentapplicationoftheairenginedesignwhichlatercametobeknownastheStirlingEngine.
TheStirlingengine(orStirling'sairengineasitiswasknownatthetime)wasinventedandpatentedbyReverendDr.RobertStirlingin1816.[9]Itfollowedearlierattemptsatmakinganairenginebutwasprobablythefirsttobeputtopracticalusewhenin1818anenginebuiltbyStirlingwasemployedpumpingwaterinaquarry.[10]ThemainsubjectofStirling'soriginalpatentwasaheatexchangerwhichhecalledan"economiser"foritsenhancementoffueleconomyinavarietyofapplications.Thepatentalsodescribedindetailtheemploymentofoneformoftheeconomiserinhisuniqueclosed-cycleairenginedesign[11]inwhichapplicationitisnowgenerallyknownasa'regenerator'.SubsequentdevelopmentbyRobertStirlingandhisbrotherJames,anengineer,resultedinpatentsforvariousimprovedconfigurationsoftheoriginalengine.Theirpressurisationenhancementhadby1843sufficientlyincreasedpoweroutputenoughtodriveallthemachineryataDundeeironfoundry.[12]
Aswellassavingfuel,theinventorsweremotivatedtocreateasaferalternativetothesteamenginesofthetime,[13]whoseboilersfrequentlyexplodedcausingmanyinjuriesandfatalities.[14][15]TheneedforStirlingenginestorunatveryhightemperaturestomaximizepowerandefficiencyexposedlimitationsinthematerialsofthedayandthefewenginesthatwerebuiltinthoseearlyyearssufferedunacceptablyfrequentfailures(albeitwithfarlessdisastrousconsequencesthanaboilerexplosion[16])-forexample,theDundeefoundryenginewasreplacedbyasteamengineafterthreehotcylinderfailuresinfouryears.[17]
Laternineteenthcenturydevelopments
SubsequenttothefailureoftheDundeefoundryenginethereisnorecordoftheStirlingbrothershavinganyfurtherinvolvementwithairenginedevelopmentandtheStirlingengineneveragaincompetedwithsteamasanindustrialscalepowersource(steamboilerswerebecomingsafer[18]andsteamenginesmoreefficient,thuspresentinglessofatargettorivalprimemovers).However,fromabout1860smallerenginesoftheStirling/hotairtypewereproducedinsubstantialnumbersfindingapplicationswhereverareliablesourceoflowtomediumpowerwasrequired,suchasraisingwaterorprovidingairforchurchorgans.[19]Thesegenerallyoperatedatlowertemperaturessoasnottotaxavailablematerials,sowererelativelyinefficient.Buttheirsellingpointwasthat,unlikeasteamengine,theycouldbeoperatedsafelybyanybodycapableofmanagingafire.[20]Severaltypesremainedinproductionbeyondtheendofthecentury,butapartfromafewminormechanicalimprovementsthedesignoftheStirlingengineingeneralstagnatedduringthisperiod.[21]
Twentiethcenturyrevival
PhilipsMP1002CAStirlinggeneratorof1951
DuringtheearlypartofthetwentiethcenturytheroleoftheStirlingengineasa"domesticmotor"[22]wasgraduallyusurpedbytheelectricmotorandsmallinternalcombustionenginesuntilbythelate1930sitwaslargelyforgotten,onlyproducedfortoysandafewsmallventilatingfans.[23]AtthistimePhilipswasseekingtoexpandsalesofitsradiosintoareaswhereelectricitywasunavailableandthesupplyofbatteriesuncertain.Philips’managementdecidedthatalow-powerportablegeneratorwouldfacilitatesuchsalesandtaskedagroupofengineersatthecompany'sresearchlab(theNat.Lab)inEindhoventoevaluatealternatives.
AfterasystematiccomparisonofvariousprimemoverstheStirlingengine'squiet(bothaudiblyandintermsofradiointerference)operationandabilitytorunonavarietyofheatsources(commonlampoil-"cheapandavailableeverywhere"-wasfavoured),theteampickedStirling.[24]Theywerealsoawarethat,unlikesteamandinternalcombustionengines,virtuallynoseriousdevelopmentworkhadbeencarriedoutontheStirlingengineformanyyearsandassertedthatmodernmaterialsandknow-howshouldenablegreatimprovements.[25]
Encouragedbytheirfirstexperimentalengine,whichproduced16wattsofshaftpowerfromaboreandstrokeof30x25mm,[26]Phillipsbeganadevelopmentprogram.ThisworkcontinuedthroughoutWorldWarIIandbythelate1940shandedovertheType10toPhilips’subsidiaryJohandeWittinDordrechttobe‘productionised’andincorporatedintoageneratorset.Theresult,ratedat200wattsfromaboreandstrokeof55x27mm,wasdesignatedMP1002CA(knownasthe'Bungalowset').Productionofaninitialbatchof250beganin1951,butitbecameclearthattheycouldnotbemadeatacompetitivepriceandtheadventoftransistorradioswiththeirmuchlowerpowerrequirementsmeantthattheoriginalrationaleforthesetwasdisappearing.Approximately150ofthesesetswereeventuallyproduced.[27]Somefoundtheirwayintouniversityandcollegeengineeringdepartmentsaroundtheworld[28]givinggenerationsofstudentsavaluableintroductiontotheStirlingengine.
PhilipswentontodevelopexperimentalStirlingenginesforawidevarietyofapplicationsandcontinuedtoworkinthefielduntilthelat