斯特林发动机汇总.docx

斯特林发动机汇总.docx

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斯特林发动机汇总

斯特林发动机

斯特林发动机是一种闭循环活塞式热机,闭循环的意思是工作燃气一直保存在气缸内,而开循环则如内燃机和一些蒸气机需要与大气交换气体。

斯特林发动机一般被归为外燃机。

切图以外的菱形驱动器测试配置斯特林发动机的设计：

*粉红-热筒壁

*深灰色-冷筒壁（与冷却进排气管在黄色）

*暗绿色-热绝缘分开的两个汽缸结束

*浅绿色-置换活塞

*深蓝色-功率活塞

*淡蓝色-曲柄连杆和飞轮

没有表明：

热源和热汇。

在此设计了置换活塞构造没有专门建造的再生。

介绍

斯特林发动机在热机中的效率目前是最高的，有时可以达到80%。

　　Intheconversionofheatintomechanicalwork,theStirlingenginehasthepotentialtoachievethehighestefficiencyofanyheatengine.ItcantheoreticallyperformuptothefullCarnotefficiency,althoughnotyetinpractice.Thepracticallimitationsincludethenon-idealpropertiesoftheworkinggas,andmaterialpropertiessuchasfriction,thermalconductivity,tensilestrength,creep,rupturestrength,andmeltingpoint.TheStirlingenginecanrunonanyheatsource,includingchemical,solar,geothermalandnuclear.TherearemanypossibleimplementationsoftheStirlingengine.Mostfallintothecategoryofreciprocatingpistonengine.

　　Incontrasttointernalcombustionengines,Stirlingengineshavethepotentialtouserenewableheatsourcesmoreeasily,tobequieter,andtobemorereliablewithlowermaintenance.Theyarepreferredforapplicationsthatvaluetheseuniqueadvantages,particularlyifthethecostperunitenergygenerated（$/kWh）ismoreimportantthanthecapitalcostperunitpower（$/kW）.Onthisbasis,Stirlingenginesarecostcompetitiveuptoabout100kW.[3]

　　Comparedtoaninternalcombustionengineofthesamepowerrating,Stirlingenginescurrentlyhaveahighercapitalcostandareusuallylargerandheavier.Theirlowermaintenancerequirementsmaketheoverallenergycostcomparable.Thethermalefficiencyisalsocomparable（forsmallengines）,rangingfrom15%-30%.[3]Forapplicationssuchasmicro-CHP,aStirlingengineisoftenpreferabletoaninternalcombustionengine.Otherapplicationsincludewaterpumping,space-basedastronautics,andelectricalgenerationfromplentifulenergysourcesthatareincompatiblewiththeinternalcombustionengine,suchassolarenergy,andbiomasssuchasagriculturalwasteandotherwastesuchasdomesticrefuse.StirlingshavealsobeenusedasamarineengineinSwedishGotlandclasssubmarines.[4]

　　HoweverStirlingsaregenerallynotprice-competitiveasanautomobileengine,duetohighcostperunitpower,lowpowerdensityandhighmaterialcosts.

　　Inrecentyears,theadvantagesofStirlingengineshavebecomeincreasinglysignificant,giventheriseinliquidfuelpricesandconcernssuchaspeakoilandclimatechange.Stirlingenginesaddresstheseissuesbybeingverycompatiblewithallrenewableenergyandfuelsources.ThesegrowinginterestsinStirlingtechnologyhavefosteredtheongoingresearchanddevelopmentofStirlingdevices,andR&Dbreakthroughshaveinturnincreasedinterestinthetechnology.

　　Ifsuppliedwithmechanicalpower,Stirlingscanfunctioninreverseasaheatpumpforheatingorcooling.ExperimentshavebeenperformedusingwindpowerdrivingaStirlingcycleheatpumpfordomesticheatingandairconditioning.Inthelate1930s,thePhilipsCorporationoftheNetherlandssuccessfullyutilizedtheStirlingcycleincryogenicapplications.[5]

　　Basicanalysisisbasedontheclosed-formSchmidtanalysis

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　　斯特林发动机是一个封闭的循环蓄热式发动机，气体工质。

“封闭循环”是指工作流体内永久的发动机。

工作流体是气体推动活塞上。

这种外部热发动机可以驱动任何热源。

“再生”是指利用一个内部换热器称为'再生'这增加了发动机的热效率相比，类似的，但简单的热空气引擎。

　　斯特林循环的值得注意的是，其完善的理论效率;然而这还没有实现的理想仍然是一项巨大的工程挑战。

然而，目前的设计，指出其效率高，操作安静和方便，他们可以利用什么否则将废热。

斯特林发动机在目前激动人心的利益为核心的组成部分，国内热电联产（热电联产）单位，这可能产生重大影响全世界的能源消耗。

[1][2]

　　空军是一个许多可能的气体，可用于在一个斯特林发动机。

所谓“热空气引擎”一般用来包含任何热空气引擎的工作液。

热空气引擎可以使用任何一个几个不同的热力循环，包括布雷顿循环，爱立信斯特林循环或周期。

在斯特林发动机已用于小型低功耗应用了近两个世纪。

斯特林发动机继续使用他们的能力提供机械或电力，加热或冷却的应用，热源和散热片可用。

斯特林发动机背景

Name

　　Thoughithadbeensuggestedasearlyas1884thatallclosedcycleairenginesshouldbegenericallycalledStirlingenginesaftertheinventorofthefirstpracticalexample,theideafoundlittlefavourandthevarioustypesonthemarketcontinuedtobeknownbythenameoftheirindividualdesignerormanufacturer.Then,inthe1940s,thePhilipscompanywassearchingforasuitablenameforitsversionofthe'air'enginewhichbythattimehadalreadybeentestedwithothergases.Rejectingmanysuggestions,including'hotgasengine'（'gasengine'wasalreadyingeneraluseforinternalcombustionenginesrunningongaseousfuels）and'externalcombustionengine'（didnotdifferentiatebetweenopenandclosedcycles）,Philipseventuallysettledon'Stirlingengine'inApril1945.Generalacceptanceofthetermfollowedafewyearslater.[8]

Earlyyears

IllustrationtoRobertStirling's1816patentapplicationoftheairenginedesignwhichlatercametobeknownastheStirlingEngine.

　　TheStirlingengine（orStirling'sairengineasitiswasknownatthetime）wasinventedandpatentedbyReverendDr.RobertStirlingin1816.[9]Itfollowedearlierattemptsatmakinganairenginebutwasprobablythefirsttobeputtopracticalusewhenin1818anenginebuiltbyStirlingwasemployedpumpingwaterinaquarry.[10]ThemainsubjectofStirling'soriginalpatentwasaheatexchangerwhichhecalledan"economiser"foritsenhancementoffueleconomyinavarietyofapplications.Thepatentalsodescribedindetailtheemploymentofoneformoftheeconomiserinhisuniqueclosed-cycleairenginedesign[11]inwhichapplicationitisnowgenerallyknownasa'regenerator'.SubsequentdevelopmentbyRobertStirlingandhisbrotherJames,anengineer,resultedinpatentsforvariousimprovedconfigurationsoftheoriginalengine.Theirpressurisationenhancementhadby1843sufficientlyincreasedpoweroutputenoughtodriveallthemachineryataDundeeironfoundry.[12]

　　Aswellassavingfuel,theinventorsweremotivatedtocreateasaferalternativetothesteamenginesofthetime,[13]whoseboilersfrequentlyexplodedcausingmanyinjuriesandfatalities.[14][15]TheneedforStirlingenginestorunatveryhightemperaturestomaximizepowerandefficiencyexposedlimitationsinthematerialsofthedayandthefewenginesthatwerebuiltinthoseearlyyearssufferedunacceptablyfrequentfailures（albeitwithfarlessdisastrousconsequencesthanaboilerexplosion[16]）-forexample,theDundeefoundryenginewasreplacedbyasteamengineafterthreehotcylinderfailuresinfouryears.[17]

　　Laternineteenthcenturydevelopments

SubsequenttothefailureoftheDundeefoundryenginethereisnorecordoftheStirlingbrothershavinganyfurtherinvolvementwithairenginedevelopmentandtheStirlingengineneveragaincompetedwithsteamasanindustrialscalepowersource（steamboilerswerebecomingsafer[18]andsteamenginesmoreefficient,thuspresentinglessofatargettorivalprimemovers）.However,fromabout1860smallerenginesoftheStirling/hotairtypewereproducedinsubstantialnumbersfindingapplicationswhereverareliablesourceoflowtomediumpowerwasrequired,suchasraisingwaterorprovidingairforchurchorgans.[19]Thesegenerallyoperatedatlowertemperaturessoasnottotaxavailablematerials,sowererelativelyinefficient.Buttheirsellingpointwasthat,unlikeasteamengine,theycouldbeoperatedsafelybyanybodycapableofmanagingafire.[20]Severaltypesremainedinproductionbeyondtheendofthecentury,butapartfromafewminormechanicalimprovementsthedesignoftheStirlingengineingeneralstagnatedduringthisperiod.[21]

　　Twentiethcenturyrevival

　　PhilipsMP1002CAStirlinggeneratorof1951

　　DuringtheearlypartofthetwentiethcenturytheroleoftheStirlingengineasa"domesticmotor"[22]wasgraduallyusurpedbytheelectricmotorandsmallinternalcombustionenginesuntilbythelate1930sitwaslargelyforgotten,onlyproducedfortoysandafewsmallventilatingfans.[23]AtthistimePhilipswasseekingtoexpandsalesofitsradiosintoareaswhereelectricitywasunavailableandthesupplyofbatteriesuncertain.Philips’managementdecidedthatalow-powerportablegeneratorwouldfacilitatesuchsalesandtaskedagroupofengineersatthecompany'sresearchlab（theNat.Lab）inEindhoventoevaluatealternatives.

　　AfterasystematiccomparisonofvariousprimemoverstheStirlingengine'squiet（bothaudiblyandintermsofradiointerference）operationandabilitytorunonavarietyofheatsources（commonlampoil-"cheapandavailableeverywhere"-wasfavoured）,theteampickedStirling.[24]Theywerealsoawarethat,unlikesteamandinternalcombustionengines,virtuallynoseriousdevelopmentworkhadbeencarriedoutontheStirlingengineformanyyearsandassertedthatmodernmaterialsandknow-howshouldenablegreatimprovements.[25]

　　Encouragedbytheirfirstexperimentalengine,whichproduced16wattsofshaftpowerfromaboreandstrokeof30x25mm,[26]Phillipsbeganadevelopmentprogram.ThisworkcontinuedthroughoutWorldWarIIandbythelate1940shandedovertheType10toPhilips’subsidiaryJohandeWittinDordrechttobe‘productionised’andincorporatedintoageneratorset.Theresult,ratedat200wattsfromaboreandstrokeof55x27mm,wasdesignatedMP1002CA（knownasthe'Bungalowset'）.Productionofaninitialbatchof250beganin1951,butitbecameclearthattheycouldnotbemadeatacompetitivepriceandtheadventoftransistorradioswiththeirmuchlowerpowerrequirementsmeantthattheoriginalrationaleforthesetwasdisappearing.Approximately150ofthesesetswereeventuallyproduced.[27]Somefoundtheirwayintouniversityandcollegeengineeringdepartmentsaroundtheworld[28]givinggenerationsofstudentsavaluableintroductiontotheStirlingengine.

　　PhilipswentontodevelopexperimentalStirlingenginesforawidevarietyofapplicationsandcontinuedtoworkinthefielduntilthelat