考点29 阅读理解之说明文备战中考英语考点一遍过解析版.docx

考点29 阅读理解之说明文备战中考英语考点一遍过解析版.docx

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考点29阅读理解之说明文备战中考英语考点一遍过解析版

考点29阅读理解之说明文

＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。

它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。

它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。

说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。

说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。

说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。

然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。

高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。

因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。

说明文阅读理解的特征

一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。

1.who：

问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？

（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）

2.what：

问的是主体做了什么事情？

（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）

3.when和where：

是在何时何地发生的？

（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）

4.how：

通过什么方式表现出来的？

5.why：

这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？

做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。

边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。

A

Haveyouevergonetoafast-foodrestauranttoeatandgottenakid'smealthatcamewithatoy?

Sometimesthosemealshavedifferenttoysforboysandgirls—maybeatruckfortheboysandatoybearforthegirls.Whodecidesthatboysliketoplaywithtrucksandgirlsliketoplaywithstuffedanimals?

Iknowmanyboyswholikestuffedanimalsandlotsofgirlswhoplaywithtrucks.Whenwedecidewhatsomeonewilllikeorhowtheywillactjustbecausetheyareboysorgirls,wearestereotyping（形成模式化观念）.

Astereotypeisagroupthatweputpeopleinto.Ourhumanbrainsdothisallthetime;it'soneofthewaysthatourbrainhaslearnedtodealwiththeworld.Weseesomeoneandputthatpersonintoagroup—forexample,theoldortheyoung,aboyoragirl.Isthatabadthing?

No,it'snot.

Oneadvantageofastereotypeisthatitenablesustodealwithsituationsrapidlybecausewemayhavehadasimilarexperiencebefore.Theuseofstereotypesisamajorwayinwhichwesimplifyoursocialworld;sincetheycutdowntheamountofprocessing（i.e.thinking）wehavetodowhenwemeetanewperson.

Althoughgroupingitselfisn'tbad,itcanbeharmfulsometimes.Itmakesusignoredifferencesbetweeneachsingleperson,thatis,weusuallythinkallthepeopleinonegrouparethesamebutthatmightnotbetrue.

Whenwestereotype,wethinkofagroupandgiveeveryoneinthatgroupcertaincharacteristics.Forexample,thefastfoodrestaurantbelievedthatallboysliketoplaywithvehiclesandallgirlsprefertoyanimals.Theydidthatbasedonlyonwhethertheywereboysorgirls.

Stereotypesareproblemswhenbeliefsthatpeoplehaveaboutgroupsarenotnecessarilytrue.Haveyoueverheardanyonesaythat"Menarebetterdriversthanwomen"?

Statementslikethistakeagroupofpeopleandgiveallofthemthesamebehaviorsorcharacteristics.Iknowmenwhoaregooddrivers,andIknowwomenwhoaregooddrivers.It'snotfairtojudgeallpeopleinagroupbyastereotype.Weneedtorememberthateveryoneinthegroupisanindividualwhohasdifferentabilities,interests,strengthsandbehaviors.

30.Theexampleofdifferenttoysforboysandgirlsismentionedtoshowthat_________.

A.boysandgirlspreferdifferenttoys

B.boysandgirlsaretreatedunfairly

C.peoplesometimesmixchildren'slikes

D.peoplehavefixedideasonthings

31.Whichofthefollowingstereotypesisuseful?

A.Makingfriendsbyhisappearance.

B.Boysdobetterinsciencethangirls.

C.Youtheasilydounreasonablethings.

D.Redsignsontheroadwarnusofdanger.

32.Theunderlinedword“ignore”inParagraph4probablymeans_________.

A.failtonoticeB.failtotrustC.failtosearchD.failtoface

33.Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellusaboutstereotyping?

A.Stereotypingislikeacoinwhichhastwosides.

B.Ithelpsourbrainlearntodealwithsimilarsituations.

C.Judgingpeoplebystereotypingthemmakesthingshard.

D.Tryingtolearnaboutandformsomekindsofthemstereotypes.

【答案】30.D31.D32.A33.A

【解析】模式化观念就是我们把人们放在某一个群体里，产生固有印象。

模式化观念既有优点，也有缺点。

优点是它能使我们迅速处理各种情况，简化社会世界；缺点是它会让我们忽视每个个体之间的差异。

【30题详解】

推理判断题。

根据短文第一段的内容可知，作者先从生活中的事例出发，目的是给读者引出模式化观念这一概念，然后对它进行具体的介绍。

D选项符合文意，故选D。

【31题详解】

推理判断题。

根据短文第三段“Oneadvantageofastereotypeisthatitenablesustodealwithsituationsrapidlybecausewemayhavehadasimilarexperiencebefore.”可知，模式化观念的一个优点是使我们根据以前的相似经历，快速处理各种情况。

结合生活常识可知，红色会起到警告的作用，D选项符合文意，故选D。

A、B和C三项都是模式化观念产生的不好的影响。

【32题详解】

词义猜测题。

根据语境“Itmakesusignoredifferencesbetweeneachsingleperson,thatis,weusuallythinkallthepeopleinonegrouparethesamebutthatmightnotbetrue.”“它使我们……每个个体之间的差异，认为一个群体里所有人都是一样的”，由此可猜测ignore意为“忽视”，即“没能注意到……”，故选A。

【33题详解】

主旨大意题。

根据短文第三段“Oneadvantageofastereotypeisthatitenablesustodealwithsituationsrapidlybecausewemayhavehadasimilarexperiencebefore.”可知，这里介绍了模式化观念的优点；再根据第四段“Althoughgroupingitselfisn'tbad,itcanbeharmfulsometimes.”可知，模式化观念也有缺点。

A选项“每个硬币都有两面”符合文意，故选A。

B和C两个选项太片面；D选项不符合文意。

B

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Winyourchoiceof￥1,000worthofCDsfromDJMusicStore.JustbuyanytwoCDsandyournamewillgointothecompetition.Chooseyourownprizefromourmanykindsofrock,pop,jazz,andclassicalmusic.

10%Off

ShowthiscouponattheBookStoretogeta10%offonanybooksyoubuy.Wehavelotsofbookstochoosefrom,includingchildren'sbooks,novelsandtravelguides.You'resuretofindsomethingthatyouwillenjoy.

Freesoftdrink

Buyanymealforatleast￥50atMike'sCafe,andreceiveafreesoftdrink.Weservethebesthamburgersandsnacksinthemall.Comeinandtryourdeliciousmealsandourexcellentservice.Youwon'tbedisappointed!

Half-pricemovietickets

Buyanyfull-pricemovieticketonTuesdayorWednesday,andyoucanbuyasecondticketforafriendforonlyahalfprice.Thelatestmoviesareallhere.

21.Ifyouspend￥100ormoreinthestore,youcanget______.

A.afreeshirtB.afreestamp

C.afreebookD.acouponoffreeparking

22.IfyougototheBookStore,youcanchoose______.

A.shirtsB.mealsC.Children'sbooksD.movietickets

23.Lindawantstohaveafreesoftdrink,shecangoto______.

A.Mike'sCafeB.Daniel'sMenswear

C.theBooksStoreD.DJMusicStore

【答案】21.D22.C23.A

【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了华南购物广场优惠券的一些信息和情况。

【21题详解】

细节理解题。

根据第1大段“Ifyouspend￥100ormoreinourstores,youwillreceivesixhoursoffreeparking.”如果你消费100元以上在我们商店，你能享受6个小时的免费停车。

可知，故选D。

【22题详解】

细节理解题。

根据第4大段“Wehavelotsofbookstochoosefrom,includingchildren'sbooks,novelsandtravelguides.”我们有很多书籍可以选择，包括儿童书，小说和旅游指南。

可知，故选C。

【23题详解】

细节理解题。

根据第5大段“Buyanymealforatleast￥50atMike'sCafe,andreceiveafreesoftdrink.”在Mike'sCafé可以享受免费的不含酒精的饮料。

可知，故选A。

C

YouAreWhatYouEat

Genetic（基因的）engineeringisthescientificchangeofthegeneticmaterialinalivingthing.Itallowsscientiststoidentifyspecificgenes,toremovethemfromalivingthing’schromosomes（染色体）,improvethem,analyzethem,andpossiblyclonethem,andtothenreinsertthechangedgeneintotheoriginallivingthing,oracompletelydifferentlivingthings.Unliketraditionalbreeding（繁殖）,whereadesiredqualitywouldbebredwithinthesamekindoflivingthings,geneticengineeringcaninsertdesiredonesintolivingthingsofdifferentkinds.Wow...didyoucatchthat?

Geneticengineeringcreatesmanypositivecontributionstoagriculture.Forexample,bygeneticallyengineered（GE）foods,anti-canceragents,mineralsandvitaminscanbeincreased.Improvedtaste,shelflife,andbettertransportareallpossible.Also,GEplantscanincreasepestandbacterialresistance（抵抗力）,therefore,makingthefoodsafefortheconsumers.

Butsomearguethatthepossiblenegativeeffectsoutweighthepositives,andcriticsarestartingtovoicetheirworries.UnlikeEurope,intheUnitedStateslabeling（贴标签）isnotrequiredongeneticallyengineeredfoodsoronfoodsthatcontaingeneticallyengineeredproducts.MostAmericansdonotrealizethattheyare,infact,eatingGEfoods.

Thepublicisalsoconcernedabouttheunknownhealthrisks.Withlimitedunderstandingofgenes,scientistscannotpredictpossibleeffects.BecausemostgenesintroducedintoGEplantscomefromsourcesnotintroducedintothehumanbody,itisimpossibletoknowiftheywillcausereactions.Moreover,duetothelackoflabeling,ifallergies（过敏）develop,itwillbeextremelydifficulttofindtheoriginofthem.

Thereisalsoamajormoralquestioninmanyminds.Formany,theconflictisnotifitissafeornot,butitdisturbsthembecauseitisunnaturalandunnecessary.Wearecurrentlyproducingoneandahalftimestheamountoffoodneededtofeedtheworld,yetoneinsevenpeoplearestarving.SoGEfoodisunnecessary,andfailstoaddresstherootofhunger.Manybelievethattheonlypeoplewhowillbenefitarethecorporationsthatproduceit.

ScientistscannotforeseethepossibleeffectsofGEfoods,yetweeatthemeverydaywithoutevenknowingit.Wealreadyhaveenoughfood,sowhycreatemorethatcouldbepotentiallyharmfultous,totheEarthandtoallwildlife?

Ithinkthatthebenefitsareamazing,butuntilweknowforsurehowthesefoodswillaffectus,theyarenotworththerisk.

27.Accordingtothepassage,traditionalbreedingisdifferentfromgeneticengineeringbecause________.

A.traditionalbreedingchangesthegenesinthesamekindoflivingthings

B.traditionalbreedingtakesplacewithinthesamekindoflivingthings

C.traditionalbreedingismorescientific

D.traditionalbreedingchangesthegenesindifferentkindsoflivingthings

28.Accordingto