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美国文学1Romantic
美国文学-1.-Romantic
第一章 美国浪漫主义时期
一、美国浪漫主义时期概述
Ⅰ.本章学习目的和要求
通过本章学习,了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景;认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张,及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响;了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。
Ⅱ.本章重点及难点:
1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点
2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。
3.分析讨论选读作品
Ⅲ.本章考核知识点和考核要求:
1.美国浪漫主义时期概述
(1)."识记"内容:
美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景
(2)."领会"内容:
美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现
a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响
b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证
(3)."应用"内容:
清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释
2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家
A.华盛顿·欧文
1.一般识记:
欧文的生平及创作主涯
2.识记:
《纽约外史》《见闻札记》
3.领会:
欧文的创作领域、创作思想,及其作品的艺术风格
4.应用:
选读《瑞普·凡·温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色
B.拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生
1.一般识记:
.爱默生的生平及创作生涯
2.识记:
爱默生的超验主义思想
3.领会:
(1)爱默生的散文:
《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等
(2).爱默生与梭罗:
梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》
4.应用:
《论自然》节选:
爱默生的基本哲学思想及自然观
C.纳撒尼尔·霍桑
1.一般识记:
霍桑的生平及创作主涯
2.识记:
霍桑的长短篇小说
3.领会:
(1)《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构
ofliterature,whichincludedalikingforthepicturesque,theexotic,thesensuous,thesensational,andthesupernatural.
(2)TheAmericansalsoplacedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisp1ayedanincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.
(3)ThestrongtendencytoexalttheindividualandthecommonmanwasalmostanationalreligioninAmerica.WriterslikeFreneau,Bryant,andCoopershowedagreatinterestinexternalnatureintheirrespectiveworks.
(4)Theliteraryuseofthemorecolorfu1aspectsofthepastwasalsotobefoundinIrving'sefforttoexploitthelegendsoftheHudsonRiverregion,andinCooper'slongseriesofhistoricaltales.
(5)Inshort,AmericanRomanticismis,inacertainway,derivative.
2.TheuniquecharacteristicsofAmericanRomanticism
AlthoughgreatlyinfluencedbytheirEnglishcounterparts,theAmericanromanticwritersrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.Forexamp1e,
(1)theAmericannationalexperienceof"pioneeringintothewest"provedtobearichsourceofmaterialforAmericanwriterstodrawupon.TheycelebratedAmerica'slandscapewithitsvirginforests,meadows,groves,endlessprairies,streams,andvastoceans.Thewildernesscametofunctionalmostasadramaticcharacterthatsymbolizedmoral1aw.
(2)ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.SuchadesireisparticularlyevidentinCooper'sLeatherStockingTales,inThoreau'sWaldenand,later,inMarkTwain'sAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.(3)WiththegrowthofAmericannationalconsciousness,Americancharactertypesspeakinglocaldialectsappearedinpoetryandfictionwithincreasingfrequency.(4)ThentheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvaluesandAmericanRomanticism.OneofthemanifestationsisthefactthatAmericanromanticwriterstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeancounterparts.(5)Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.
(三).应用内容
1.TheAmericanPuritanismanditsgreatinfluenceoverAmericanmoralvalues,asisshowninAmericanromanticwritings.
(1)AmericanPuritanism
PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.(ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch,whocameintoexistenceinthereignsQueenElizabethandKingJamesⅠ.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthemPuritans.TheycametoAmericaoutofvariousreasons,butitshouldberememberedthattheywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.TheyfeltthattheChurchofEnglandwastooclosetotheChurchofRomeindoctrineformofworship,andorganizationofauthority.)TheAmericanPuritans,liketheirbrothersbackinEngland,wereidealists,believingthatthechurchshouldberestoredtocomplete"purity".Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.ButinthegrimstruggleforsurvivalthatfollowedimmediatelyaftertheirarrivalinAmerica,theybecamemoreandmorepractical,asindeedtheyhadtobe.Puritanswerenotedforaspiritofmoralandreligiousearnestnessthatdeterminatedtheirwholewayoflife.Puritans'liveswereextremelydisciplinedandhard.Theydroveoutoftheirsettlementsallthoseopinionsthatseemeddangeroustothem,andhistoryhascriticizedtheiractions.Yetinthepersecutionofwhattheyconsiderederror,thePuritanswerenoworsethanmanyothermovementsinhistory.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmindandAmericanvalues.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaconspicuouslynoticeableandanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets.
(2)OneofthemanifestationsisthefactthatAmericanromanticwriterstendedmoretomoralizethantheirEnglishandEuropeancounterparts.Besides,apreoccupationwiththeCalvinisticviewoforigina1sinandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksofHawthorne,Melvilleandahostoflesserwriters.
2.NewEnglandTranscendentalism
NewEnglandTranscendentalismisthemotclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementinthisperiod.ItwasstartedintheareaaroundConcord,Mass.byagroupofintellectualandtheliterarymenoftheUnitedStatessuchasEmerson,HenryDavidThoreauwhoweremembersofaninformalclub,i.e.theTranscendentalClubinNewEnglandinthel830s.Thetranscendentalistsreactedagainstthecold,rigidrationalismofUnitarianisminBoston.Theyadheredtoanidealisticsystemofthoughtbasedonabeliefintheessentialunityofallcreation,theinnategoodnessofman,andthesupremacyofinsightoverlogicandexperiencefortherevelationofthedeepesttruths.ThewritingsofthetranscendentalistspreparedthegroundoftheircontemporariessuchasWaltWhitman,HermanMelville,andNathanielHawthorne.
Themainissuesinvolvedinthedebateweregenerallyphilosophical,concerningnature,manandtheuniverse.Basically,Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophical1yas"therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses."Emersononceproclaimedinaspeech,"Nothingisatlastsacredbuttheintegrityofyourownmind."OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalisminc1udetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-re1iant.
3.AmericanRomanticistsdifferedintheirunderstandingofhumannature.
TothetranscendentalistssuchasEmersonandThoreau,manisdivineinnatureandthereforeforeverperfectible;buttoHawthorneandMelville,everybodyispotentiallyasinner,andgreatmoralcourageisthereforeindispensab1efortheimprovementofhumannature,asisshowninHawthorne'sTheScarletLetter.
二.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家
Ⅰ.WashingtonIrving(1783-l859)
Irving'spositioninAmericanliteratureWashingtonIrvingwasoneofthefirstAmericanwriterstoearnaninternationalreputation,andregardedasanearlyRomanticwriterinthemericanliteraryhistoryandFatheroftheAmericanshortstories.
一.一般识记
Hislifeandmajorworks
WashingtonIrvingwasborninNewYorkCityinawealthyfamily.Fromaveryearlyagehebegantoreadwidelyandwritejuvenilepoems,essays,andplays.Inl798,heconc1udedhiseducationatprivateschoolsandenteredalawoffice,buthelovedwritingmore.
HisfirstsuccessfulworkisAHistoryOfNewYorkfromtheBeginningOftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty,which,writtenunderthenameofDiedrichKnickerbocker,wonhimwidepopularityafteritcameoutin1809.WiththepublicationofTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.inserialsbetween1819and1820,IrvingwonameasureofinternationalfameonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.ThebookcontainsfamiliaressaysontheEng1ishlifeandAmericanizedversionsofEuropeanfolktaleslike"RipVanWinkle ",and"TheLegendofSleepyHollow."GeoffreyCrayonisacarefullycontrivedpersonaandbehindCrayonstandsIrving,juxtaposingtheOldWorldandtheNew,andmanipulatinghisownantiquarianinterestwithartisticperspectives.
ThemajorworkofhislateryearswasTheLifeofGeorgeWashington.
二.识记
1.Irving'sgreatindebtednesstoEuropeanliterature
MostofIrving'ssubjectmatterareborrowedheavilyfromEuropeansources,whicharechieflyGermanic.Irving'srelationshipwiththeOldWorldintermsofhisliteraryimaginationcanhardlybeignoredconsideringhissuccessbothabroadandathome.
AHistoryofNewYorkisapatchworkofreferences,echoes,andburlesques.HeparodiesorimitatesHomer,Cervantes,Fielding,Swiftandmanyotherfavoritesofhis.HewasalsoabsorbedinGermanLiteratureandgotideasfromGermanlegendsfortwoofhisfamousstories"RipVanWinkle"and"TheLegendofSleepyHollow."TheAlhambraisusuallyregardedasIrving's"SpanishSketchBook"simplybecauseithasastrongflavorofSpanishculture.Mostofthethirty-threeessaysinTheSketchBookwerewritteninEngland,filledwithEnglishscenesandquotationsfromEnglishauthorsandfaithfultoBritishorthography.WashingtonIrvingbroughttothenewnationwhatitspeop1edesiredmostinamanof1etterstherespectoftheOldWorl