Performance Testing of CFLs.docx

Performance Testing of CFLs.docx

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PerformanceTestingofCFLs

InternationalCFLHarmonizationInitiative

PerformanceTestingofCFLs:

AComparativeAnalysisfortheAPECRegion

（WorkingGroup3）

by

JiangLin,LawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory（LBNL）

LiTienanandHanWei,ChinaStandardsCertificationCenter（CSC）

LiAixianandChenHaihong,ChinaNationalInstituteforStandardization（CNIS）

7October2005

Background

Increasingly,energyconservationhasbeenadoptedasakeygovernmentpolicyaroundtheworldtomitigatetheimpactsofglobalclimatechangeandtoachievebettereconomicwelfare.Compactfluorescentlights（CFLs）areoneofthemostwidelypromotedandrecognizedenergyconservationtechnologies.Acasualscanintheliteraturefindsthatatleast24countrieshavesomeformsofpromotionalactivitiestargetingCFLs（CLASP,2005）.

Mostoftheseprogramshavesettheirownperformancespecifications,andsomewhatdifferenttestingprotocols,makingitdifficultforpolicy-makersandmanufacturerstocompareandunderstandthedifferencesbetweenprogramrequirementsinvariouscountries.Thus,harmonizingtheperformancespecificationsandcorrespondingtestingprotocolsforhigh-qualityCFLswouldhelptoreducesuchbarriersofentrytovariousmarketsaroundtheworld.

InMay2005,atthe6thInternationalConferenceonEnergyEfficientLightinginShanghai,morethan80delegatesparticipatedinaspecial-sessionaboutCFLs,coveringmanyoftheperformanceissuesconcerningharmonizingspecificationsforhighqualityCFLsaroundtheworld.Atthissession,thedelegatesagreedinprincipletopursueinternationalCFLharmonization,includingfurtherresearchontheissuesofcreatingauniformtestingprocedurethatcouldeventuallybesubmittedtotheIECorotherinternationalbody;andfurtherresearchondevelopmentofarangeofperformancespecificationsforselfballastedCFLstofacilitatetestingcomparisonsandpossiblerationalizationofCFLperformancerequirements（APEC-ESIS2005）.

ThispaperidentifiesvarioustestingprotocolsusedforCFLsinvariouscountriesandcomparesthem,atleastforasetofcommonperformanceindices.Theresultsshowthatforthemostpart,alltestingprotocolsarevariantsoftwodominantprotocols,oneusedprincipallyintheNorthAmericanandoneusedelsewhereintheworld.Onthecorelistofperformanceindicesconsideredinthispaper,theyarepracticallythesameorconsideredequivalent.Thus,anopportunityexiststoexplorethepotentialforfullharmonizationoftheseprotocols（atleastforcoreperformanceindices）atsomepointinthefuture.Aharmonizedtestprotocolwouldlaythefoundationforharmonizationofperformancespecifications.

OverviewofCFLtestingprotocols

Currently,24differenteconomieshaveimplementedenergy-efficiencystandardsandlabelingprogramsforcompactfluorescentlamps.Amongeconomieswithalabelingprogram,threeeconomieshavemandatorylabels,andtwenty-twoeconomieshavevoluntarylabels.AmongeconomieswithaminimumefficiencystandardforCFLs,twelveeconomieshavemandatoryrequirements,andonehasvoluntarystandard.ThereareevenmorecountrieswhereCFLsarepromoted,inadditiontothestandardsandlabelingprogramscountedabove.Forexample,EU’sQualityCharterforCFLsdefinesasetofperformancespecificationsthatparticipatingmanufacturershaveagreedtoadheretovoluntarilyintheirproducts（EU）.

TheexpansionofindependentnationalstandardsandlabelingprogramspresentsachallengingenvironmentformanufacturersandhinderstheinternationaltradeinCFLs,whichinturncouldlimittheavailabilityofqualityCFLsincertainmarkets.Manufacturersproducingfortheinternationalmarketcurrentlyfaceseveralexportspecificationsduetodifferentnationalprogramsandrequirementsinimportingnations.Asthenumberofnationalstandardsandlabelingprogramsincreases,thecostsofmanufacturingandtestingforeachuniquesetofrequirementsriseaswell.Thereisaclearneedforharmonizingnationalstandardsorlabelingspecifications.However,inordertoharmonizevariousnationalstandardsorlabelingspecifications,itisnecessaryfirsttosettleonacommonsetoftestingprotocols.

Table1listssomeofthecountriesintheAPECregionwithastandardorlabelingprogramforCFLsandtheircorrespondingtestingprotocols.

Table1:

OverviewofCFLtestingstandardinAPECMembersEconomies

APECMemberEconomies

NationalTestStandard

ReferenceTestStandard

Canada

CAN/CSA-C861-95

IESLM66

Chile

NCh2695:

2002

IEC60969

People'sRepublicofChina

GB19044-2003/GB/T-17263

IEC60969

HongKong,China

IEC60969

RepublicofKorea（SouthKorea）

KSC7621-99

IEC60969

India

IS15111:

Part2:

2002

IEC60969

Mexico

Nom-017-ener-1997

IEC60901

Australia/NewZealand

Underdevelopment

Philippines

PNS603-2-Amd.1:

2001

IEC60969

Russia

Nodetaildescription

Singapore

CIE84-1989

AS/NZS60969:

2001

IEC60969

Thailand

TIS236-2533

IEC60081

USA

USEnergyStar

IESLM66;ANSIC78.5-2003

Table1showsthatthetestingprotocolsusedinthesenationalprogramsaremostlydrawnfromthreeprinciplesources:

1）theIEC（InternationalElectro-technicalCommission）,2）ANSI（AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute）,and3）IESNA（IlluminatingEngineeringSocietyofNorthAmerica）.EconomiesinNorthAmericatendtouseIESNAandANSItestingstandards,whiletherestoftheworldtendstouseIECtestingstandards.Thekeytop-levelreferencedtestingstandardsinclude:

IEC60969.Self-ballastedlampsforgenerallightingservices—Performancerequirements.Edition1.2,2001-03.

IEC60901-1/97.Single-cappedfluorescentlamps—Performancespecifications.Edition2.2,2001-11.

ANSIC78.375-1997.FluorescentLamps—GuideforElectricalMeasurements.FirstEdition,1997.

ANSIC78.5-2003.SpecificationsforPerformanceofSelf-ballastedCompactFluorescentLamps.

IESNALM-66-00.IESNAApprovedMethodfortheElectricalandPhotometricMeasurementsofSingle-EndedCompactFluorescentLamps.2000.

IESNALM-65-01.IESNAApprovedMethodforLifeTestingofCompactFluorescentLamps.2001.

NotethatIEC60081-1997（Double-cappedfluorescent1amps--Performancespecifications）,whichisreferencedbyThailand,appearstobeanolderversionoftestingstandardfordouble-cappedfluorescentlamps,andthuswillnotbeincludedinthecomparisonbelow.

ComparisonofTestingStandards

Forthisanalysis,wefocusonthefollowingperformanceindices;

（a）Lamplife.

（b）Efficacy.

（c）Lumenmaintenance.

（d）Colorappearanceandcolorrenderingindex.

（e）StartingandRun-upTime

（f）Mercurycontent.

Lifetime

LifetimeofCFLsistypicallymeasuredasanaveragelifetimeofagroupofCFLs.Averagelifetimeisthelengthoftimebywhich50%ofanylargenumberoflampsreachestheendoftheirindividuallives.

LifetimeTesting

Forlifetimetesting,therelevanttestingstandardsareIESNALM-65-01andIEC60901-97（andsometimesIEC90696）.

Thekeydifferencebetweenthesetestingstandardsistheoperatingcycle.IEC60901requirestheoperatingcycletobe15minutesoffafter2hours45minutesofoperation.IESNAspecifies20minutesoffafter3hoursofoperation.IEC60969providesamoreflexibleoperationcyclewhichrequireslampsbeswitchedoffeighttimesinevery24hoursrunning,withoffperiodsof10to15minutes,andonperiodsofatleast10minutes.

Table2:

ComparisonofConditionsforIECandIESNATests

Condition

IEC60969

IEC60901-1/97

IESNALM-65-01

Ambientconditions

Withintherangeof15oCto40oC;excessivedraftsavoided.Theseconditionsareunderconsideration.

Withintherangeof15oCto50oC;excessivedraftsavoided.

Mustbecontrolledwithinlimitssetbylamp&ballastmanufacturers;usuallybetween15oCand35oC.Testingmustbesuspendediftemperaturerangeisexceeded.Airflowminimized.

PowerSupply

Ratedvoltagewithatoleranceof±2%

Supplyvoltageandfrequencynottovarymorethan2%fromtheratedvoltageandfrequencyoftheballast

Inputvoltageregulatedtowithin±2%ofratedrmsvalue.

Operatingcycle

Lampsshallbeswitchedoff8timesinevery24hrrunningtime."Off"periodshallbebetween10min.and15min."On"periodshallbeatleast10min.

165minonand15minoff（N.Americantimesarenoted）

180minonand20minoff

Itisunlikelythatsuchaminordifferenceinoperatingcyclewouldhaveanappreciableimpactonthelifetimeoflamps,providedthatothertestingconditionsarethesame.ForaCFLwitharatedlifetimeof6000hours,theIESNAtestingstandardimplies1800cycles,andIEC2000cycles.

Allthreetestingstandardshavesimilarrequirementsfortestingconditionsandinstrumentation.However,theIESNAstandardhassmallerrangesintermsofambienttemperature.AdetaileddiscussioncanbefoundinFridleyetal2005.

Efficacy

Efficacy,orinitialefficacy,isdefinedastheratioofinitialluminousfluxoverthemeasuredinputpoweroftheCFLbeingtested.

LuminousMaintenance

Luminousmaintenanceisluminousfluxatagiventimeinthelifeofthelampandexpressedasapercentageoftheinitialluminousflux.Themeanlumensaremeasuredat40%oftheratedlifetime.

TestingofEfficacyandLuminousMaintenance

Thesemeasurementsarederivedfromphotometricandelectricaltestingresults.Forphotometrictesting（suchasluminousintensity,luminousflux,color,andetc.）,bothIEC60969andIESNALM-66referenceCIE84-1989（TheMeasurementofLuminousFlux）,thusareequivalent.However,IESNAprovidesmoreoptionsonthemeasurementofluminousflux,eitherthroughtheuseofanintegratedsphere,orthroughcomputationfromnormalintensity.

Forelectricalmeasurements,t