文体学复习一.docx

文体学复习一.docx

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文体学复习一

文体学复习

1、Style:

Mannersindicatingprominentlinguisticfeatures,devicesorpatterns,most（orleast）frequentlyoccurinaparticulartextofaparticularvarietyoflanguage.（有许多种，此为inthisbook,general,linguistic-oriented）,P5

2、Stylistics:

isabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesinascientificandsystematicwayconcerningthemanners/linguisticfeaturesofdifferentvarietiesoflanguageatdifferentlevels.

•Literarystylistics:

concentratessolelyonuniqueandoveralllinguisticfeaturesofthevariousgenresofliterature.（考点）★

★

Thedevelopmentofstylistics

Thescopeofstudy

，

Threecrucialaspectsofspeech:

①Substances[soundsandsymbols];②Form;③Situation

3、Stylisticanalysis:

isgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext（whatispeculiartotheuseoflanguageinagiventextfordeliveringthemessage）.Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonsofthelanguageofthetextwiththatusedinconventionaltypesofdiscourse.Stylisticiansmayalsowishtocharacterizethestyleofagiventextbysystematicallycomparingthelanguageusesinthattextwiththoseinanother.Thus,wemayconcludethatstylisticanalysisisanactivitywhichishighlycomparativeinnature.

Practice5.Analyzethefollowingtext.

Policeman:

What’syourname,boy

Blackpsychiatrist:

Dr.Poussiant.I’maphysician.

Policeman:

What’syourfirstname,boy

#

Blackpsychiatrist:

Alvin.

•Theword‘boy’maybeusedtoaddressamaleinferior.Inaboveconversation,theformisusedtoaddressaphysician,whoisusuallyaccordedhighrespectintheUSandisaddressedas‘Dr.So-and-so’（Title+Surname）.Insistentlyusingtheform‘boy’,thewhitepolicemanshowshisracistcontemptofandprejudiceagainsttheblackpeople.

4、Linguisticdescription:

referstotheexplorationandclassificationoflinguisticfeaturesofagiventext.★

每个category下面的各个分类

（1）ThePhonologyCategory:

Phonologyhereisusedtorefertothesystemofspeechsoundsinalanguage.

（2）TheLexicalCategory:

Lexisisusedheretorefertothechoiceofwords.

（3）TheSyntactic/Grammatical/Category:

Syntaxisusedheretorefertorulesfororderingandconnectingwordsintosentences.

：

（4）SemanticCategory:

Semanticsisusedheretorefertothemeaningofwords,expressions,etc.andbywhatmeansthemeaningisconveyedfromtheaddressertotheaddressee.

Procedureoflinguisticdescription

1）Worksystematicallythroughthetextandnotedownpointswefeelofsomestylisticsignificancerespectivelyunderthevariousheadings.

2）Quantifythefrequencyofalinguisticfeature.

3）Assesstheimportanceofstylisticfeatures.

4）Makestatementsabouttheoveralllinguisticpictureofthetextinquestion,bringingtogetherdiversefeaturestoshowhowtheyformacoherent,integratedpattern,andmakingjudgmentsaboutorinterpretingthesignificanceofsuchpatternsinrelationtothecontextofthetextasawhole.

}

5、

（1）Text:

Atextisanypassage,spokenorwritten,ofwhateverlength,thatformsaunifiedwhole.Atextisthenasemanticunit,aunitnotonlyofform,butalsoofmeaning.Atextisrealizedbyasequenceoflanguageunits,whethertheyaresentencesornot.

Cohesivedevices:

Implicitconnectivity

Explicitconnectivity

1）Transitionalwords/phrases

2）Grammaticaldevice

①Ellipsis②Substitution③Coreference

3）Lexicalreiteration

!

材料Examinethefollowingconversation,findoutwhetherlinguisticunitsinitareovertlycohesiveornot.

A:

Seewhothatis.

B:

I’minpyjamas.

A:

OK.

•Linguisticunitsintheconversationarenotovertlycohesive.Inthistext,therelevanceofB’sremarktoA’sfirstremarkisconveyedbypragmaticimplication.“I’minpyjamas”impliesanexcusefornotcomplyingwithA’scommand（=“No,Ican’t,becauseI’minpyjamas.”）A’ssecondremarkimpliesthatheacceptsB’sexcuseandundertakestodohimselfwhatheoriginallyaskedBtodo（=OK.I’llgomyselfandsee.”Textsarethereforerecognizedasappropriatelycoherentinactualuse.Afullunderstandingofatextisoftenimpossiblewithoutreferencetothecontextinwhichitoccurs.

（2）Context:

Contextreferstoallelementsofacommunicativesituation.（Oneis“linguisticcontext”,referringtothelinguisticunitsprecedingand/orfollowingaparticularlinguisticunitinatext.Theotheris“extra-linguisticcontext”or“contextofsituation”,referringtotherelevantfeaturesofthesituationinwhichatexthasmeaning.）

Contextualfactors:

★

{

①Fieldofdiscourse（语场）：

theinstitutionalsetting,privateorpublic,inwhichapieceoflanguageoccurs,embracingnotonlythesubjectmatterinhand（正在进行中的主要的事情）,butthewholeactivityofthespeakerorparticipantinasetting,whichcorrespondstoHalliday’s“ideationalfunction”oflanguage.

②Tenor（语旨）：

Theparticipants,theireducation,socialstatus,therole-relationshipbetweentheaddresserandtheaddressee;thedegreeofintimacy;thedegreeofsocialdistance.（It’sconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations.）

③Mode（语式）：

themediumofcommunication——thegraphicsigns[visual]orsoundwaves[auditory]bymeansofwhichamessageisconveyedfromonepersontoanther;Channel;channellimitation;otherdetailedchoices,thefunctionsoflanguageintheparticularsituation.

•Practice4.Analyzethefollowingconversation

（JennycomestoAlan’shouse.Sheisconductingasurveyforthegovernment.）

Alan:

Won’tyoucomein,Miss-er-.

Jenny:

Cartwright,JennyCartwright.

-

Alan:

I’mAlanMarlow.（AlanshowsJennyintothelivingroom.）

Alan:

Ohwon’tyoumakeyourselfcomfortable,Jenny

（Aftersomeminutesoftalk,whichisomittedhere）

Jenny:

Mr.Marlow…Alan:

CallmeAlan.（TheMarlows,Episode11）

ThecontextshowsclearlythatAlanandJennyaretotalstrangers.Theconven-tionaladdressformbetweenstrangersisTitle+Sur-name（Mr./MissSo-and-so）.ButAlanaddressesthegirlbyherfirstnameandlateraskshertodothesame.Hisadoptionoffirst-namingisanexampleofthemanipulationoflanguage.Itisamovetowardsafriendlierrelationship,indicatingthatAlandoesnotwanttheirencountertobeformalanddistant,asitiscustomarybetweenstrangers.Incontrast,JennychoosestoremainformalanddistantbyaddressingAlanas“Mr.Marlow”.

LinguisticItems

6、Speechsounds:

★

》

（1）Stress:

Stressreferstotheprominenceofsounds.Itistheresultofextraforceusedinpronouncingaparticularwordorsyllable.a）Toshowemphasis;b）Toshowsurprise,anger,doubt,horrororexcitement;c）Todistinguishmeaningofidenticalwordsorphrases.P23

（2）Pause:

Pausereferstothebriefinterruptionofthearticulatoryprocessbetweenconsecutivelinguisticunitssuchassounds,syllables,words,phrasesandsentences.

a）voicedpauseorfilledpause;b）silentpause

Function:

P23

（3）Pitch:

Thisrelativeheightofspeechsoundsasperceivedbyalisteneriscalled“pitch”andtoindicatedifferentfeelingsorattitudes,suchasagreement,doubt,surprise,delight,scorn,abhorrence,orhatred.a）Thefallingpitch;b）Therisingpitch;c）Thefall-risepitch;d）Therise-fallpitch;e）Thelevelpitch;f）Thefall-plus-risepitch.（各用在什么情境下，有什么作用P24~25）

（4）Tempo:

Temporeferstothespeedofspeaking.Temporeflectedinmonosyllables:

a）quickandclippedsyllables;b）looseanddrawledsyllables;c）slowandheldsyllables.Temporeflectedinsentences:

a）thequick“allegro”;b）theslow“lendo”;c）theincreasing“accelerando”;d）thedecreasing“rallentando”.

Function:

Generallyspeaking,aquicktempoindicatesexcitement,surprise,agreement,happiness,indignation,whereasaslowtempousuallyindicatesconfusion,emphasis,disagreement,hesitation,sadness,tiredness,lowspiritordisappointment,etc.

7、GraphologicalItems——thestudyofwritingsystemofalanguage

?

Graphologicallevel——theexpressionorrealizationoflanguageinitswritingsystem

（1）Punctuation（thedash破折号,thecolon冒号,theexclamationmark感叹号）；各自用处效果

（2）Capitalization

（3）Italics斜体

（4）Paragraphing（分段）：

Paragraphingreferstothewayinwhichatextisdividedintoparagraphs.Itisadevicetorevealtherelationalstructureinatext,theorganizationofthecontent.

各自用处效果

8、LexicalItems

（1）GeneralorSpecific

.

（2）Anglo-SaxonorLatinate

（3）OtherLexicalItems

9、Syntactic/GrammaticalItems

（1）ClauseTypes

Clause:

Aclauseformsasentenceorpartofasentence.Itisagroupofwordswhichformagrammaticalunitandwhichcontainsasubjectandafiniteverb,oftenfunctioningasanoun,adjectiveoradverb.

1）Intermsoftheclauseconstituents,thereare5basictypes:

2）Intermsofthestructureoftheverbphrases（ifany）inaclause:

①Finiteclausesareclausesinwhichthefirstortheonlyverbphraseisafiniteform.

（

.Hefinishedhisworkbeforeleavingtheclassroom.

②Nonfiniteclauses（非限定从句）areclauseswhoseverbphraseisnon-finite,.an–ingparticiple.Hefinishedhisworkbeforeleavingtheclassroom.

③Verblessclauses（无动词分句）areclauseswhichcontainnoverbelement,.:

Hundredsofpeoplewerekilledinthefire,manyofthemchildren.

3）Intermsoffunctionsinasentence:

①Independentclause,notsubordinatetoanotherclause.

.Iamateacher.

②Subordinateclauseisaclausewhichformspartofanotherclauseasitselement,orasconstituentofaphrasewithinaclause.

a）@

b）nominalclause（名词性从句）.Whathesaidistrue.

c）relativeclause（关系从句）functioningaspostmodifiersofanounphrase.

.Peoplewhosmokeannoyme.

d）comparativeclause,than,as

e）adverbialclausesdenotingtime,place,reason,etc.

（2）SentenceTypes

Sentence:

Asentenceis,gra