国际机构.docx

国际机构.docx

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国际机构

Abstract

Thisreportismainlytalkabouttwointernationalinstitutes,WTOandTheWorldBank.Someintroductionaboutthistwoorganizationswillbegivenclearly.Andtheirfunctionsandrolestowardinternationalsocietyalsoanalysed.Sincetheestablishmentoftheworldtradeorganization,throughtheimplementationoftheUruguayRoundAgreementandagreement,astrongimpetustotheeconomicglobalization,andpromotethedevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.

Keyword：

WTOTheWorldBankfunctionssocietyeconomy

Contents

5.Acknowlegement

6.References

1.Introduction

Withthedevelopmentoftheinternationaleconomy,manynewindustriesandbusinesswaysareraisingup,theentireworldbecomingsmallerandsmallerasregionsaregettingcloser.Inordertotakinggoodcontrolofallthisbusinessprojectsandcreatingmoreefficientwaystopromotetheprogressoftrade,countrieswiththesameprofitablepursuitsareintendtomakeallianceandnegotiatingtoachievetheircommonagreements,thisalliancesareinternationalinstitutions,nowadays,theyareplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleoninternationalenvironment.

Inthisreport,towinternationalinstitutionsaremainlyintroducedandanalysed.Astheyaretheprominentofit.Whatsroleofthistwogroupsareplayingontheinternationalenvironmentandhowtheychangetheworldeconomyaretwomainquestionsinthisreportandwillbeanalyseddetailed.

2.TheWorldbank

TheWorldBankisavitalsourceoffinancialandtechnicalassistancetodevelopingcountriesaroundtheworld.Itisnotabankintheordinarysensebutauniquepartnershiptoreducepovertyandsupportdevelopment.TheWorldBankGroupestablishedin1944,headquarteredinWashington,D.C.havemorethan10,000employeesinmorethan120officesworldwide.Itcomprisesfiveinstitutionsmanagedbytheirmembercountries,whichincludingIBRD,IFC,IDA,MIGA,ICSID.

2.1IBRD

IBRDistheoriginalWorldBankinstitution.ItworkscloselywiththerestoftheWorldBankGrouptohelpdevelopingcountriesreducepoverty,promoteeconomicgrowth,andbuildprosperity.providesloansandotherassistanceprimarilytomiddleincomecountries.itisownedbythegovernmentsofits 188membercountries,whicharerepresentedbya25-memberboardof5appointedand20electedExecutiveDirectors.

2.1.1IBRD’sServices

TheWorldBankGroupworkswithmiddleincomecountriessimultaneouslyasclients,shareholders,andglobalactors.Asthispartnershipevolves,IBRDisprovidinginnovativefinancialsolutions,includingfinancialproducts（loans,guarantees,andriskmanagementproducts）andknowledgeandadvisoryservices（includingonareimbursablebasis）togovernmentsatboththenationalandsubnationallevels.

Theinstitutionprovidesacombinationoffinancialresources,knowledgeandtechnicalservices,andstrategicadvicetodevelopingcountries,includingmiddleincomeandcredit-worthylowerincomecountries.

2.1.2FinancingmethodsofIBRD

IBRDraisesmostofitsfundsintheworld'sfinancialmarkets.Infact,inthesemarkets,IBRDisknownsimplyastheWorldBank.ThispracticehasallowedIBRDtoprovidemorethan$500billioninloanstoalleviatepovertyaroundtheworldsince1946,withitsshareholdergovernmentspayinginabout$14billionincapital.

IBRDhasmaintainedatriple-Aratingsince1959.Itshighcreditratingallowsittoborrowatlowcostandoffermiddle-incomedevelopingcountriesaccesstocapitalonfavorableterms-- inlargervolumes,withlongermaturities,andinamoresustainablemannerthanworldfinancialmarketstypicallyprovide.

IBRDearnsincomeeveryyearfromthereturnonitsequityandfromthesmallmarginitmakesonlending.ThispaysforIBRD'soperatingexpenses,goesintoreservestostrengthenthebalancesheet,andprovidesanannualtransferoffundstoIDA,thefundforthepoorestcountries.

2.3IFC’sWork

IFCisanintegralpartofawiderandgrowinginternationalefforttomovecountriesoutoffragilityandintostabilityandgrowth.theyprovidebusinessesandbankswiththefinancingtogrow.theyalsoworkwithgovernmentstoattractinvestmentforessentialinfrastructureandtoenhancetheircountries’investmentclimates.

Inthelastfiscalyear,IFCinvested$638millioninfragileandconflict-affectedstatesforitsownaccountandmobilizedanadditional$310millionforprojectsinavarietyofsectors,suchasagribusiness,telecommunications,financialservices,andpowergeneration.Theircommitmentsincluded$133milliontosupporttradefinance,helpingfragilestatesexpandtheirimportandexportmarketsforfood,rawmaterials,finishedgoods,andotheressentialitems.

IFCalsoadvisesfragilestatesonhowtoimprove,simplify,andstrengthenregulationstoattractinvestorsandenablebusinessestoexpand.Bycatalyzingthedevelopmentoftheprivatesector,IFChopestospuronthegrowththatcanliftthesecountriesoutoffragilityandintothenextphaseoftheirdevelopment.

2.4TheInternationalDevelopmentAssociation（IDA）

IDAisthepartoftheWorldBankthathelpstheworld’spoorestcountries.Establishedin1960.

2.4.1IDA’sfunctionsandcontributionstowardtheworld

IDAaimstoreducepovertybyprovidingloansandgrantsforprogramsthatboosteconomicgrowth,reduceinequalities,andimprovepeople’slivingconditions.Sinceitsinception,IDAhassupportedactivitiesin112countries.Annualcommitmentshaveaveragedabout$18billionoverthelastthreeyears,withabout50percentofthatgoingtoAfrica.ForthefiscalyearendingonJune30,2014,IDAcommitmentsreached$22.2billionspreadover242newoperations.12percentofthetotalwascommittedongrantterms.IDAcomplementstheWorldBank’soriginallendingarm—theInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment（IBRD）.itwasestablishedtofunctionasaself-sustainingbusinessandprovidesloansandadvicetomiddle-incomeandcredit-worthypoorcountries.IBRDandIDAsharethesamestaffandheadquartersandevaluateprojectswiththesamerigorousstandards.IDA-financedoperationsdeliverpositivechangefor2.8billionpeople,themajorityofwhomsurviveonlessthan$2aday.IDAlendsmoneyonconcessionalterms.ThismeansthatIDAchargeslittleornointerestandrepaymentsarestretchedover25to38years,includinga5-to10-yeargraceperiod.IDAalsoprovidesgrantstocountriesatriskofdebtdistress.

itplacesapremiumondevelopmentimpactandisregardedasatransparent,cost-effectiveplatformforachievingresults.Intheperiod2003–2013,forexample,IDAfinancingimmunizedmorethan597millionchildren;providedaccesstohealthservicesfor117millionpeople.

窗体顶端

2.5MIGA

ItisamemberoftheWorldBankGroup.Theirmissionistopromoteforeigndirectinvestment（FDI）intodevelopingcountriestohelpsupporteconomicgrowth,reducepoverty,andimprovepeople'slives.

2.5.1Servicesandfunctions

Theyfulfilltheirmissionbyprovidingpoliticalriskinsuranceguaranteestoprivatesectorinvestorsandlenders.MIGA’sguaranteesprotectinvestmentsagainst-non-commercialrisksandcanhelpinvestorsobtainaccesstofundingsourceswithimprovedfinancialtermsandconditions.TheiruniquestrengthisderivedfromtheirstandingasamemberoftheWorldBankGroupandourstructureasaninternationalorganizationwiththeirshareholdersincludingmostcountriesoftheworld.Sincetheirinceptionin1988,MIGAhasissuedmorethan$28billioninpoliticalriskinsuranceforprojectsinawidevarietyofsectors,coveringallregionsoftheworld.Theyalsoconductresearchandshareknowledgeaspartoftheirmandatetosupportforeigndirectinvestmentintoemergingmarkets.Thisunderscorestheirpositionasathoughtleaderandsourceofpertinentinformationforthepoliticalriskinsurancecommunity.

2.52StrongimpactonMiddleIncomeCountries

MIGAofferscomparativeadvantagesinalloftheseareas—fromtheiruniquepackageofproductsandabilitytorestorethebusinesscommunity'sconfidence,totheirongoingcollaborationwiththepublicandprivateinsurancemarkettoincreasetheamountofinsuranceavailabletoinvestors.Asamultilateraldevelopmentagency,MIGAonlysupportsinvestmentsthataredevelopmentallysoundandmeethighsocialandenvironmentalstandards.MIGAappliesacomprehensivesetofsocialandenvironmentalperformancestandardstoallprojectsandoffersextensiveexpertiseinworkingwithinvestorstoensurecompliancetothesestandards.

2.6TheInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes（ICSID）

Itprovidesinternationalfacilitiesforconciliationandarbitrationofinvestmentdisputes.OnJune1and2,2015,Paul-JeanLeCannu,ICSIDLegalCounsel,willofferintroductorycoursestoGeneralPrinciplesofForeignInvestmentandICSIDProcedureattheAfricanInstituteofInternationalLaw（AIIL）inArusha,Tanzania.ThecourseswillbegiveninFrench.TheAIILwasinauguratedinFebruary2015.Itsgoalistoofferspecializedandfocusedtrainingcoursesandresearchprogrammestoadvancedstudents,scholars,practitioners,governmentandprivatesectorofficialsonvariousaspectsofinternationallaw.

2.7TheWorldBank’scontributionstowardtheinternationalenvironment

AsofApril2015,theWorldBankGrouphasmobilizedUS$1.62billiontodateinfinancingforEbolaresponseandrecoveryeffortstosupportthecountrieshardesthitbyEbola.ThisincludesUS$1.17billionfromIDA,theWorldBankGroup’sfundforthepoorestcountriesandatleastUS$450millionfromIFC,toenabletrade,investmentandemploymentinGuinea,LiberiaandSierraLeone.

Wordbankprovidelow-interestloans,zerotolow-interestcredits,andgrantst