计算机专业外文翻译互联网的历史1969.docx

计算机专业外文翻译互联网的历史1969.docx

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计算机专业外文翻译互联网的历史1969

外文原文

HistoryoftheInternet（1969－2009）

1969:

Arpanet

Arpanetwasthefirstrealnetworktorunonpacketswitchingtechnology（newatthetime）.OntheOctober29,1969,computersatStanfordandUCLAconnectedforthefirsttime.Ineffect,theywerethefirsthostsonwhatwouldonedaybecometheInternet.

Thefirstmessagesentacrossthenetworkwassupposedtobe“Login”,butreportedly,thelinkbetweenthetwocollegescrashedontheletter“g”.

1970:

Arpanetnetwork

AnArpanetnetworkwasestablishedbetweenHarvard,MIT,andBBN（thecompanythatcreatedthe“interfacemessageprocessor”computersusedtoconnecttothenetwork）in1970.

1971:

Email

Emailwasfirstdevelopedin1971byRayTomlinson,whoalsomadethedecisiontousethe“@”symboltoseparatetheusernamefromthecomputername（whichlateronbecamethedomainname）.

1971:

ProjectGutenbergandeBooks

Oneofthemostimpressivedevelopmentsof1971wasthestartofProjectGutenberg.ProjectGutenberg,forthoseunfamiliarwiththesite,isaglobalefforttomakebooksanddocumentsinthepublicdomainavailableelectronically–forfree–inavarietyofeBookandelectronicformats.

ItbeganwhenMichaelHartgainedaccesstoalargeblockofcomputingtimeandcametotherealizationthatthefutureofcomputerswasn’tincomputingitself,butinthestorage,retrievalandsearchingofinformationthat,atthetime,wasonlycontainedinlibraries.Hemanuallytyped（noOCRatthetime）the“DeclarationofIndependence”andlaunchedProjectGutenbergtomakeinformationcontainedinbookswidelyavailableinelectronicform.Ineffect,thiswasthebirthoftheeBook.

1972:

CYCLADES

FrancebeganitsownArpanet-likeprojectin1972,calledCYCLADES.WhileCycladeswaseventuallyshutdown,itdidpioneerakeyidea:

thehostcomputershouldberesponsiblefordatatransmissionratherthanthenetworkitself.

1973:

Thefirsttrans-Atlanticconnectionandthepopularityofemailing

Arpanetmadeitsfirsttrans-Atlanticconnectionin1973,withtheUniversityCollegeofLondon.Duringthesameyear,emailaccountedfor75%ofallArpanetnetworkactivity.

1974:

ThebeginningofTCP/IP

1974wasabreakthroughyear.AproposalwaspublishedtolinkArpa-likenetworkstogetherintoaso-called“inter-network”,whichwouldhavenocentralcontrolandwouldworkaroundatransmissioncontrolprotocol（whicheventuallybecameTCP/IP）.

1975:

Theemailclient

Withthepopularityofemailing,thefirstmodernemailprogramwasdevelopedbyJohnVittal,aprogrammerattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniain1975.Thebiggesttechnologicaladvancethisprogram（calledMSG）madewastheadditionof”Reply”and“Forward”functionality.

1977:

ThePCmodem

1977wasabigyearforthedevelopmentoftheInternetasweknowittoday.It’stheyearthefirstPCmodem,developedbyDennisHayesandDaleHeatherington,wasintroducedandinitiallysoldtocomputerhobbyists.

1978:

TheBulletinBoardSystem（BBS）

Thefirstbulletinboardsystem（BBS）wasdevelopedduringablizzardinChicagoin1978.

1978:

Spamisborn

1978isalsotheyearthatbroughtthefirstunsolicitedcommercialemailmessage（laterknownasspam）,sentoutto600CaliforniaArpanetusersbyGaryThuerk.

1979:

MUD–Theearliestformofmultiplayergames

TheprecursortoWorldofWarcraftandSecondLifewasdevelopedin1979,andwascalledMUD（shortforMultiUserDungeon）.MUDswereentirelytext-basedvirtualworlds,combiningelementsofrole-playinggames,interactive,fiction,andonlinechat.

1979:

Usenet

1979alsousheredintothescene:

Usenet,createdbytwograduatestudents.Usenetwasaninternet-baseddiscussionsystem,allowingpeoplefromaroundtheglobetoconverseaboutthesametopicsbypostingpublicmessagescategorizedbynewsgroups.

1980:

ENQUIREsoftware

TheEuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch（betterknownasCERN）launchedENQUIRE（writtenbyTimBerners-Lee）,ahypertextprogramthatallowedscientistsattheparticlephysicslabtokeeptrackofpeople,software,andprojectsusinghypertext（hyperlinks）.

1982:

Thefirstemoticon

WhilemanypeoplecreditKevinMacKenziewiththeinventionoftheemoticonin1979,itwasScottFahlmanin1982whoproposedusing

afterajoke,ratherthantheoriginal-）proposedbyMacKenzie.Themodernemoticonwasborn.

1983:

ArpanetcomputersswitchovertoTCP/IP

January1,1983wasthedeadlineforArpanetcomputerstoswitchovertotheTCP/IPprotocolsdevelopedbyVintonCerf.Afewhundredcomputerswereaffectedbytheswitch.Thenameserverwasalsodevelopedin‘83

1984:

DomainNameSystem（DNS）

Thedomainnamesystemwascreatedin1984alongwiththefirstDomainNameServers（DNS）.ThedomainnamesystemwasimportantinthatitmadeaddressesontheInternetmorehuman-friendlycomparedtoitsnumericalIPaddresscounterparts.DNSserversallowedInternetuserstotypeinaneasy-to-rememberdomainnameandthenconvertedittotheIPaddressautomatically.

1985:

Virtualcommunities

1985broughtthedevelopmentofTheWELL（shortforWholeEarth‘LectronicLink）,oneoftheoldestvirtualcommunitiesstillinoperation.ItwasdevelopedbyStewartBrandandLarryBrilliantinFebruaryof‘85.ItstartedoutasacommunityofthereadersandwritersoftheWholeEarthReviewandwasanopenbut“remarkablyliterateanduninhibitedintellectualgathering”.WiredMagazineoncecalledTheWell“Themostinfluentialonlinecommunityintheworld.”

1986:

Protocolwars

Theso-calledProtocolwarsbeganin1986.EuropeancountriesatthattimewerepursuingtheOpenSystemsInterconnection（OSI）,whiletheUnitedStateswasusingtheInternet/Arpanetprotocol,whicheventuallywonout.

1987:

TheInternetgrows

By1987,therewerenearly30,000hostsontheInternet.TheoriginalArpanetprotocolhadbeenlimitedto1,000hosts,buttheadoptionoftheTCP/IPstandardmadelargernumbersofhostspossible.

1988:

IRC–InternetRelayChat

Alsoin1988,InternetRelayChat（IRC）wasfirstdeployed,pavingthewayforreal-timechatandtheinstantmessagingprogramsweusetoday.

1988:

Firstmajormaliciousinternet-basedattack

OneofthefirstmajorInternetwormswasreleasedin1988.Referredtoas“TheMorrisWorm”,itwaswrittenbyRobertTappanMorrisandcausedmajorinterruptionsacrosslargepartsoftheInternet.

1989:

AOLislaunched

WhenApplepulledoutoftheAppleLinkprogramin1989,theprojectwasrenamedandAmericaOnlinewasborn.AOL,stillinexistencetoday,lateronmadetheInternetpopularamongsttheaverageinternetusers.

1989:

TheproposalfortheWorldWideWeb

1989alsobroughtabouttheproposalfortheWorldWideWeb,writtenbyTimBerners-Lee.ItwasoriginallypublishedintheMarchissueofMacWorld,andthenredistributedinMay1990.ItwaswrittentopersuadeCERNthataglobalhypertextsystemwasinCERN’sbestinterest.Itwasoriginallycalled“Mesh”;theterm“WorldWideWeb”wascoinedwhileBerners-Leewaswritingthecodein1990.

1990:

Firstcommercialdial-upISP

1990alsobroughtaboutthefirstcommercialdial-upInternetprovider,TheWorld.Thesameyear,Arpanetceasedtoexist.

1990:

WorldWideWebprotocolsfinished

ThecodefortheWorldWideWebwaswrittenbyTimBerners-Lee,basedonhisproposalfromtheyearbefore,alongwiththestandardsforHTML,HTTP,andURLs.

1991:

Firstwebpagecreated

1991broughtsomemajorinnovationstotheworldoftheInternet.Thefirstwebpagewascreatedand,muchlikethefirstemailexplainedwhatemailwas,itspurposewastoexplainwhattheWorldWideWebwas.

1991:

Firstcontent-basedsearchprotocol

Alsointhesameyear,thefirstsearchprotocolthatexaminedfilecontentsinsteadofjustfilenameswaslaunched,calledGopher.

1991:

MP3becomesastandard

Also,theMP3fileformatwasacceptedasastandardin1991.MP3files,beinghighlycompressed,laterbecomeapopularfileformattosharesongsandentirealbumsviatheinternet.

1991:

Thefirstwebcam

Oneofthemoreinterestingdevelopmentsofthisera,though,wasthefirstwebcam.ItwasdeployedataCambridgeUniversitycomputerlab,anditssolepurposewastomonitoraparticularcoffeemakersothatlabuserscouldavoidwastedtripstoanemptycoffeepot.

1993:

Mosaic–firstgraphicalwebbrowserforthegeneralpublic

ThefirstwidelydownloadedInternetbrowser,Mosaic,wasreleasedin1993.WhileMosaicwasn’tthefirstwebbrowser,itisconsideredthefirstbrowsertomaketheInterneteasilyaccessibletonon-techies.

1993:

Governmentsjoininonthefun

In1993,boththeWhiteHouseandtheUnitedNationscameonline,markingthebeginningofthe.govand.orgdomainnames.

1994:

NetscapeNavigator

Mosaic’sfirstbigcompetitor,NetscapeNavigator,wasreleasedtheyearfollowing（1994）.

1995:

Commercializationoftheinternet

1995isoftenconsideredthefirstyearthewebbecamecommercialized.Whiletherewerecommercialenterprisesonlinepriorto‘95,therewereafewkeydevelopmentsthathappenedthatyear.First,SSL（SecureSocketsLayer）encryptionwasdevelopedbyNetscape,makingitsafertoconductfinancialtransactions（likecreditcardpayments）online.

Inaddition,twomajoronlinebusinessesgottheirstartthesameyear.Thefirstsaleon“EchoBay”wasmadethatyear.EchoBaylaterbecameeBay.Aalsostartedin1995,thoughitdidn’tturnaprofitforsixyears,until2001.

1995:

Geocities,theVaticangoesonline,andJavaScript

OthermajordevelopmentsthatyearincludedthelaunchofGeocities（whichofficiallycloseddownonOctober26,2009）.

TheVaticanalsowentonlineforthefirsttime.

JavaandJavaScript（originallycalledLiveScriptbyitscreator,BrendanEich,anddeployedas