计算机专业外文翻译互联网的历史1969.docx

1、计算机专业外文翻译互联网的历史1969外文原文History of the Internet（19692009）1969: ArpanetArpanet was the first real network to run on packet switching technology (new at the time). On the October 29, 1969, computers at Stanford and UCLA connected for the first time. In effect, they were the first hosts on what would on

2、e day become the Internet.The first message sent across the network was supposed to be “Login”, but reportedly, the link between the two colleges crashed on the letter “g”.1970: Arpanet networkAn Arpanet network was established between Harvard, MIT, and BBN (the company that created the “interface m

3、essage processor” computers used to connect to the network) in 1970.1971: EmailEmail was first developed in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, who also made the decision to use the “” symbol to separate the user name from the computer name (which later on became the domain name).1971: Project Gutenberg and eBoo

4、ksOne of the most impressive developments of 1971 was the start of Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg, for those unfamiliar with the site, is a global effort to make books and documents in the public domain available electronicallyfor freein a variety of eBook and electronic formats.It began when

5、Michael Hart gained access to a large block of computing time and came to the realization that the future of computers wasnt in computing itself, but in the storage, retrieval and searching of information that, at the time, was only contained in libraries. He manually typed (no OCR at the time) the

6、“Declaration of Independence” and launched Project Gutenberg to make information contained in books widely available in electronic form. In effect, this was the birth of the eBook.1972: CYCLADESFrance began its own Arpanet-like project in 1972, called CYCLADES. While Cyclades was eventually shut dow

7、n, it did pioneer a key idea: the host computer should be responsible for data transmission rather than the network itself.1973: The first trans-Atlantic connection and the popularity of emailingArpanet made its first trans-Atlantic connection in 1973, with the University College of London. During t

8、he same year, email accounted for 75% of all Arpanet network activity.1974: The beginning of TCP/IP1974 was a breakthrough year. A proposal was published to link Arpa-like networks together into a so-called “inter-network”, which would have no central control and would work around a transmission con

9、trol protocol (which eventually became TCP/IP).1975: The email clientWith the popularity of emailing, the first modern email program was developed byJohn Vittal, a programmer at the University of Southern California in 1975. The biggest technological advance this program (called MSG) made was the ad

10、dition of”Reply” and “Forward” functionality.1977: The PC modem1977 was a big year for the development of the Internet as we know it today. Its the year the first PC modem, developed by Dennis Hayes and Dale Heatherington, was introduced and initially sold to computer hobbyists.1978: The Bulletin Bo

11、ard System (BBS)The first bulletin board system (BBS) was developed during a blizzard in Chicago in 1978.1978: Spam is born1978 is also the year that brought the first unsolicited commercial email message(later known as spam), sent out to 600 California Arpanet users by Gary Thuerk.1979: MUD The ear

12、liest form of multiplayer gamesThe precursor to World of Warcraft and Second Life was developed in 1979, and was called MUD (short for MultiUser Dungeon). MUDs were entirely text-based virtual worlds, combining elements of role-playing games, interactive, fiction, and online chat.1979: Usenet1979 al

13、so ushered into the scene: Usenet, created by two graduate students. Usenet was an internet-based discussion system, allowing people from around the globe to converse about the same topics by posting public messages categorized by newsgroups.1980: ENQUIRE softwareThe European Organization for Nuclea

14、r Research (better known as CERN) launchedENQUIRE (written by Tim Berners-Lee), a hypertext program that allowed scientists at the particle physics lab to keep track of people, software, and projects using hypertext (hyperlinks).1982: The first emoticonWhile many people credit Kevin MacKenzie with t

15、he invention of the emoticon in 1979, it was Scott Fahlman in 1982 who proposed using after a joke, rather than the original -) proposed by MacKenzie. The modern emoticon was born.1983: Arpanet computers switch over to TCP/IPJanuary 1, 1983 was the deadline for Arpanet computers to switch over to th

16、e TCP/IP protocols developed by Vinton Cerf. A few hundred computers were affected by the switch. The name server was also developed in 831984: Domain Name System (DNS)The domain name system was created in 1984 along with the first Domain Name Servers (DNS). The domain name system was important in t

17、hat it made addresses on the Internet more human-friendly compared to its numerical IP address counterparts. DNS servers allowed Internet users to type in an easy-to-remember domain name and then converted it to the IP address automatically.1985: Virtual communities1985 brought the development of Th

18、e WELL (short for Whole Earth Lectronic Link), one of the oldest virtual communities still in operation. It was developed by Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant in February of 85. It started out as a community of the readers and writers of the Whole Earth Review and was an open but “remarkably literat

19、e and uninhibited intellectual gathering”. Wired Magazine once called The Well “The most influential online community in the world.”1986: Protocol warsThe so-called Protocol wars began in 1986. European countries at that time were pursuing the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), while the United Sta

20、tes was using the Internet/Arpanet protocol, which eventually won out.1987: The Internet growsBy 1987, there were nearly 30,000 hosts on the Internet. The original Arpanet protocol had been limited to 1,000 hosts, but the adoption of the TCP/IP standard made larger numbers of hosts possible.1988: IR

21、C Internet Relay ChatAlso in 1988, Internet Relay Chat (IRC) was first deployed, paving the way for real-time chat and the instant messaging programs we use today.1988: First major malicious internet-based attackOne of the first major Internet worms was released in 1988. Referred to as “The Morris W

22、orm”, it was written by Robert Tappan Morris and caused major interruptionsacross large parts of the Internet.1989: AOL is launchedWhen Apple pulled out of the AppleLink program in 1989, the project was renamed and America Online was born. AOL, still in existence today, later on made the Internetpop

23、ular amongst the average internet users.1989: The proposal for the World Wide Web1989 also brought about the proposal for the World Wide Web, written by Tim Berners-Lee. It was originally published in the March issue of MacWorld, and then redistributed in May 1990. It was written to persuade CERN th

24、at a global hypertext system was in CERNs best interest. It was originally called “Mesh”; the term “World Wide Web” was coined while Berners-Lee was writing the code in 1990.1990: First commercial dial-up ISP1990 also brought about the first commercial dial-up Internet provider, The World. The same

25、year, Arpanet ceased to exist.1990: World Wide Web protocols finishedThe code for the World Wide Web was written by Tim Berners-Lee, based on his proposal from the year before, along with the standards for HTML, HTTP, and URLs.1991: First web page created1991 brought some major innovations to the wo

26、rld of the Internet. The first web pagewas created and, much like the first email explained what email was, its purpose was to explain what the World Wide Web was.1991: First content-based search protocolAlso in the same year, the first search protocol that examined file contents instead of just fil

27、e names was launched, called Gopher.1991: MP3 becomes a standardAlso, the MP3 file format was accepted as a standard in 1991. MP3 files, being highly compressed, later become a popular file format to share songs and entire albums via the internet.1991: The first webcamOne of the more interesting dev

28、elopments of this era, though, was the first webcam. It was deployed at a Cambridge University computer lab, and its sole purpose was to monitor a particular coffee maker so that lab users could avoid wasted trips to an empty coffee pot.1993: Mosaic first graphical web browser for the general public

29、The first widely downloaded Internet browser, Mosaic, was released in 1993. While Mosaic wasnt the first web browser, it is considered the first browser to make the Internet easily accessible to non-techies.1993: Governments join in on the funIn 1993, both the White House and the United Nations came

30、 online, marking the beginning of the .gov and .org domain names.1994: Netscape NavigatorMosaics first big competitor, Netscape Navigator, was released the year following (1994).1995: Commercialization of the internet1995 is often considered the first year the web became commercialized. While there

31、were commercial enterprises online prior to 95, there were a few key developments that happened that year. First, SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) encryption was developed by Netscape, making it safer to conduct financial transactions (like credit card payments) online.In addition, two major online busine

32、sses got their start the same year. The first sale on “Echo Bay” was made that year. Echo Bay later became eBay. A also started in 1995, though it didnt turn a profit for six years, until 2001.1995: Geocities, the Vatican goes online, and JavaScriptOther major developments that year included the launch of Geocities (which officially closed down on October 26, 2009).The Vatican also went online for the first time.Java and JavaScript (originally called LiveScript by its creator, Brendan Eich, and deployed as