非语言交际.docx

非语言交际.docx

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非语言交际

非言语交际及其在交际中的影响

[Abstract]Sincelanguagehasbeencomeintobeing,itplaysacommandingroleasameansofcommunication,butnottheonlymeansofit.Nonverbalcommunicationtakesplacewithverbaloneatthesametimeinthecommunication.However,verbalcommunicationconveysthemessageinaconvenientanddirectwaywhichmakespeopledependmoreonsuchcommunicativemeanswhileneglectthenonverbalone.Soitisnotsurprisingthattraditionallylanguagestudieshaveemphasizedverbalandwrittenforms,butrecentlynonverbalcommunicationhasreceivedmoreandmoreattentionandbecomeayoungsciencewhichisrelatedtomanyothersubjects.

Afterbrieflyreviewingachievementsmadeinthestudyofnonverbalcommunication,thisthesisintroducesthedefinition,classification,function,andculturaldifferencesoncross-culturalnonverbalcommunication.Aimingtopointthesignificanceofnonverbalcommunication,itfocusesontheinfluenceofnonverbalcommunicativeapproachincommunication,especiallyinteachingwiththeimplicationtoit.Inreality,nonverbalcommunicationhasbeenwidelyusedinmanyfields,soitisnecessarytolearnsomethingaboutitinordertoimproveourcommunicativequality.

[KeyWords]nonverbalcommunication;culturaldifference;function;influence;teaching

【摘要】自从语言产生以来,言语交际便在人类交际中扮演最主要的角色,但并非是交际的唯一手段。

在传播过程中,非言语交际与言语交际是同时进行的,然而言语交际较为快捷地传递信息,因此人们较多依赖于此种交际手段而忽视非言语表达。

难怪对于语言的研究,传统上较重视口语及书面语这两种言语交际形式,而很少顾及非言语交际形式;然而近年来,非言语交际手段越来越受到语言学家们的关注,成为一门跨学科的新兴科学。

本文简述了非言语交际的研究成果,从定义、基本分类、功能、跨文化非言语交际的文化差异这几方面对其作了简要介绍。

为了指出非言语交际的重要性,着重论述非言语交际在交际中的影响尤其对教学产生的影响,从而得出对教学的启示。

在现实生活,非言语交际被广泛应用于许多领域,因此为提高交际质量有必要对非言语交际作一些了解。

【关键词】非言语交际;文化差异;功能;影响;教学

Introduction

Sincelanguagehasbeencomeintobeing,itbecomesthemostimportantcommunicativetoolforhumanbeing,butnottheonlyone.Whenweareinvolvedincommunicating,weneedtomobilizeourfacialexpression,bodymovement,intonation,temperature,color,smell,clothingandbodydecoration,time,spaceandmanyotherwaystocommunicatewitheachother,besidesusinglanguagetotransmitinformation.Thesemeansforcommunicationwithoutwordsareso-callednonverbalcommunication.TraditionallyLanguagestudieshaveemphasizedverbalandwrittenforms,andrecentlynonverbalcommunicationhasreceivedmoreandmoreattention.InmypaperI’llpresentsomebasicconceptions,functions,culturaldifference,andinfluenceonteachingespecially.

1.Abriefreviewofnonverbalcommunicationstudies

Theearlieststudyofnonverbalcommunicationcouldbetracedbacktothatofvariousschoolsofthinkersinpre-QinDynastyandGreekphilosopherAristotle.ConfuciuspaidmoreattentiontoappearanceandpostureindifferentoccasionsandAristotleanalyzedexpressivewaysofbehaviorsinhisworks.[1]（P10）ThescientificstudyofnonverbalcommunicationprimarilystartedafterWorldWarII.Oneofthemostinfluentialpre-twentiethcenturyworkswasDarwin’sExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimalsin1872.Thisworkspawnedthemodernstudyoffacialexpression,andmanyofhisobservationsandideashavebeenvalidatedbyotherresearchers.Inthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,thestudyofnonverbalcommunicationstillremainedunsystematicfortherewereonlyisolatedstudiesofvoice,physicalappearance,dressandfacialexpressions.ThethreeinfluentialworksduringthisperiodwereKretschmer’sbookPhysiqueandCharacterin1925,Sheldon’sbookTheVariationsofHumanPhysiquein1940,andEfron’sbookGestureandEnvironmentin1941.In1950s,therewasasignificantincreaseinthenumberofnonverbalresearchefforts.Birdwhistell’sIntroductiontoKinesicsin1952andHall’sSilentLanguagein1959weretwomilestonesofthisdecade.In1956,RueschandKeesproducedabookentitledNonverbalCommunication:

NotesontheVisualPerceptionofHumanRelations.Thiswasthefirstbooktousethetermnonverbalcommunicationinitstitle.1960sproduceda“nuclearexplosion”ofnonverbalstudies.Duringthistime,theclassictheoreticalpiecewasEkman’sandFriesen’sarticleontheorigins,usage,andcodingofnonverbalbehavior.The1970sprovedtobeatimeofsummarizingandsynthesizingonnonverbalstudies.ItbeganwithJuliusFast’sBodyLanguagein1970.Thisbookwasthebest-sellingvolumeatthattimeandithasnowbeentranslatedintoseveralChineseversions.The1980swereatimeoffurtherdevelopmentofnonverbalcommunicationstudies.Somenonverbalresearchesofthisdecadefocusedonidentifyingthewaysavarietyofnonverbalsignalsworktogethertoaccomplishcommoncommunicativegoals.Theresearchonnonverbalbehaviorinourcountrybeganfrom1980s.ScholarssuchasHuWenzhong,BiJiwan,DengYianchangandLiuRunqinghavedonesomeresearchwork.[2]（P40-41）

Whywebegantheresearchonnonverbalcommunicationlaterthanwesterncountries,sofarasIknow,there’resomereasonsforit.SinceJosephStalinhadcriticizedthe“gesture”ofMarin1950,thescholarsinourcountrywhostudiedlinguistictheoryconsidereditasguidingprincipletoconfirmthefunctionoflanguagecommunicationabsolutelywithoutconsideringthepositionandfunctionofnonverbalcommunicationincommunication.Asaresult,therangeofstudyisonlylimitedtolanguageandcommunicativetoolbasedonlanguage.[1]（P1）Andduring1960s-1970sCulturalRevolutionhappenedinourcountrybringingadisastertothestudyofthisfield.

2.Definitionandclassificationofnonverbalcommunication

Therearevariousdefinitionsfornonverbalcommunicationamongdifferentscholars.AccordingtoKnapp[2]（P41）thephrasenonverbalcommunicationreferstocommunicationeffectbymeansotherthanwords（assumingwordsaretheverbalelement）.Whendefiningnonverbalcommunication,SamovarandPorterproposethat“nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver”.Inthisdefinition,theroleoftheenvironment,themessagevalueofnonverbalstimuliandthecommunicationsettingareemphasizedasthreeimportantfactorsinnonverbalcommunication.[2]（P41）Inshort,nonverbalmeansforcommunication,whichisconsideredas“silentlanguage”,expressesmeaningsorfeelingswithoutusingwords.

Asdifferentlinguistsdescribenonverbalcommunicationindifferentdimensions,thereisnogeneralagreementinclassificationasyet.Hereweonlyproposesomeofthecommontopicsmostcommunicationtheoristsaddressthemselvesto:

“Nonverbalcommunicationconsistsofallsignalingsystemsthatdonotusewords.”[3]（P181）

1）bodymodesofnonverbalcommunication（kinesics）:

posture,gestures,eyecontact,facialexpressions,appearance,smell,shiftsinskincolor,usesofclothingandbodydecoration,bodyorientation,anyothermovementofanyotherpartofthebody;

2）spacelanguage（bodydistanceorproxemics）:

bodytouchandbodydistance;

3）paralanguage（voicemodulation）:

speed,pitch,volume,pause,intonation,etc;

4）timelanguage:

timeorientation（past,present,andfuture）,monochromic（M-time）andpolychromic（P-time）;

5）environmentalcommunication（interrelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirenvironments）:

architecture,object,color,lighting,odorsetc;

6）communicationofgeneticcharacteristics,whichareconsideredbysomescholarsasnonverbalcommunication;

7）variousartformsandmediasuchaspainting,architecture,music,film,ballet,andmime

3.Functionsofnonverbalbehaviorincommunication

Insometypesofcommunicationpeopleexpressmorenonverballythanverbally.“OnestudydoneintheUnitedStatesshowedthatinthecommunicationofattitudes,93%ofthemessagewastransmittedbythetoneofthevoiceandbyfacialexpressions,whereasonly7%ofthespeaker’sattitudewastransmittedbywords.”[4]（P122）Nonverbalcommunicationissignificantinhumaninteractionbecauseitisusuallyresponsibleforfirstimpression.Thinkforamomentforhowoftenyourfirstjudgmentsarebasedonthecolorofaperson’sskinorthemannerinwhichheorsheisdressed.Moreimportant,thoseinitialmessagesusuallyinfluencetheperceptionofeverythingelsethatfollows.

Nonverbalbehaviorsandverbalcommunicationinteractincommunicationprocess.Forsimplicity,nonverbalcommunicationservestorepeat,complement,reinforce,substitute,regulateorevencontradictourverbalbehavior.[4]（P137-139）

3.1Repeating

Nonverbalcommunicationcansimplyrepeatwhatwassaidverbally.Forinstance,verbalstatementsofagreementordisagreementareoftenaccompaniedbyanodorshakeoftheheadtoconveypositiveornegativefeelings.Wemightholdupourhandinthegesturethatsignifiesapersontostopatthesametimeweactuallyusetheword“stop”.Orwemightpointinacertaindirectionafterwehavejustsaid（whentellapersonthewaytotherailwaystation,yougenerallyaddalittleinformationbypointingintheproperdirection.）.Thesecouldbeconsideredrepetitionbecausetheyindicatethesamemeaningastheverbalmessages.

3.2Complementing

Closelyrelatedtorepeatingiscomplementing.Althoughmessagesthatrepeatcanstandalone,complementinggenerallyaddsmoreinformationtomessages.Nonverbalsignalscanmodifyorelaborateonverbalmessages.Theactorsoractressesofcomedyorskitorshortcrosstalkaregoodatperformingbodylanguagetomaketheirperformancelivelyandmoreeasilyattracttheattentionofaudiences.Ifyoutellyourfriendthatyouhavenomoneytolendhim,youmayturnoutyourpocketstoshowyoursincereregret.Youcantellsomeonethatyouarepleasedwithhisorherperformance,butthismessagetakesonextrameaningifyoupatth