非语言交际.docx

1、非语言交际非言语交际及其在交际中的影响Abstract Since language has been come into being, it plays a commanding role as a means of communication, but not the only means of it. Nonverbal communication takes place with verbal one at the same time in the communication. However, verbal communication conveys the message in a

2、 convenient and direct way which makes people depend more on such communicative means while neglect the nonverbal one. So it is not surprising that traditionally language studies have emphasized verbal and written forms, but recently nonverbal communication has received more and more attention and b

3、ecome a young science which is related to many other subjects. After briefly reviewing achievements made in the study of nonverbal communication, this thesis introduces the definition, classification, function, and cultural differences on cross-cultural nonverbal communication. Aiming to point the s

4、ignificance of nonverbal communication, it focuses on the influence of nonverbal communicative approach in communication, especially in teaching with the implication to it. In reality, nonverbal communication has been widely used in many fields, so it is necessary to learn something about it in orde

5、r to improve our communicative quality.Key Words nonverbal communication; cultural difference; function; influence; teaching【摘 要】 自从语言产生以来,言语交际便在人类交际中扮演最主要的角色,但并非是交际的唯一手段。在传播过程中,非言语交际与言语交际是同时进行的,然而言语交际较为快捷地传递信息,因此人们较多依赖于此种交际手段而忽视非言语表达。难怪对于语言的研究,传统上较重视口语及书面语这两种言语交际形式,而很少顾及非言语交际形式;然而近年来,非言语交际手段越来越受到语言

6、学家们的关注,成为一门跨学科的新兴科学。本文简述了非言语交际的研究成果,从定义、基本分类、功能、跨文化非言语交际的文化差异这几方面对其作了简要介绍。为了指出非言语交际的重要性,着重论述非言语交际在交际中的影响尤其对教学产生的影响,从而得出对教学的启示。在现实生活,非言语交际被广泛应用于许多领域,因此为提高交际质量有必要对非言语交际作一些了解。【关键词】 非言语交际;文化差异;功能;影响;教学IntroductionSince language has been come into being, it becomes the most important communicative tool f

7、or human being, but not the only one. When we are involved in communicating, we need to mobilize our facial expression, body movement, intonation, temperature, color, smell, clothing and body decoration, time, space and many other ways to communicate with each other, besides using language to transm

8、it information. These means for communication without words are so-called nonverbal communication. Traditionally Language studies have emphasized verbal and written forms, and recently nonverbal communication has received more and more attention. In my paper Ill present some basic conceptions, funct

9、ions, cultural difference,and influence on teaching especially.1. A brief review of nonverbal communication studiesThe earliest study of nonverbal communication could be traced back to that of various schools of thinkers in pre-Qin Dynasty and Greek philosopher Aristotle. Confucius paid more attenti

10、on to appearance and posture in different occasions and Aristotle analyzed expressive ways of behaviors in his works. 1(P10) The scientific study of nonverbal communication primarily started after World War II. One of the most influential pre-twentieth century works was Darwins Expression of the Emo

11、tions in Man and Animals in1872. This work spawned the modern study of facial expression, and many of his observations and ideas have been validated by other researchers. In the first half of the twentieth century, the study of nonverbal communication still remained unsystematic for there were only

12、isolated studies of voice, physical appearance, dress and facial expressions. The three influential works during this period were Kretschmers book Physique and Character in1925, Sheldons book The Variations of Human Physique in1940, and Efrons book Gesture and Environment in 1941. In 1950s, there wa

13、s a significant increase in the number of nonverbal research efforts. Birdwhistells Introduction to Kinesics in1952 and Halls Silent Language in 1959 were two milestones of this decade. In 1956, Ruesch and Kees produced a book entitled Nonverbal Communication: Notes on the Visual Perception of Human

14、 Relations. This was the first book to use the term nonverbal communication in its title. 1960s produced a “nuclear explosion” of nonverbal studies. During this time, the classic theoretical piece was Ekmans and Friesens article on the origins, usage, and coding of nonverbal behavior. The 1970s prov

15、ed to be a time of summarizing and synthesizing on nonverbal studies. It began with Julius Fasts Body Language in 1970. This book was the best-selling volume at that time and it has now been translated into several Chinese versions. The1980s were a time of further development of nonverbal communicat

16、ion studies. Some nonverbal researches of this decade focused on identifying the ways a variety of nonverbal signals work together to accomplish common communicative goals. The research on nonverbal behavior in our country began from 1980s. Scholars such as Hu Wenzhong, Bi Jiwan, Deng Yianchang and

17、Liu Runqing have done some research work. 2(P40-41) Why we began the research on nonverbal communication later than western countries, so far as I know, therere some reasons for it. Since Joseph Stalin had criticized the “gesture” of Mar in 1950, the scholars in our country who studied linguistic th

18、eory considered it as guiding principle to confirm the function of language communication absolutely without considering the position and function of nonverbal communication in communication. As a result, the range of study is only limited to language and communicative tool based on language. 1(P1)

19、And during 1960s-1970s Cultural Revolution happened in our country bringing a disaster to the study of this field.2. Definition and classification of nonverbal communicationThere are various definitions for nonverbal communication among different scholars. According to Knapp 2(P41) the phrase nonver

20、bal communication refers to communication effect by means other than words (assuming words are the verbal element). When defining nonverbal communication, Samovar and Porter propose that “nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by bo

21、th the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver”. In this definition, the role of the environment, the message value of nonverbal stimuli and the communication setting are emphasized as three important factors in nonverbal communic

22、ation. 2(P41) In short, nonverbal means for communication, which is considered as “silent language”, expresses meanings or feelings without using words.As different linguists describe nonverbal communication in different dimensions, there is no general agreement in classification as yet. Here we onl

23、y propose some of the common topics most communication theorists address themselves to:“Nonverbal communication consists of all signaling systems that do not use words.”3(P181)1) body modes of nonverbal communication(kinesics): posture, gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, appearance, smell, s

24、hifts in skin color, uses of clothing and body decoration, body orientation, any other movement of any other part of the body;2) space language(body distance or proxemics): body touch and body distance;3) paralanguage(voice modulation): speed, pitch, volume, pause, intonation, etc;4) time language:

25、time orientation (past, present, and future), monochromic (M-time) and polychromic (P-time);5) environmental communication (interrelationship between people and their environments): architecture, object, color, lighting, odors etc; 6) communication of genetic characteristics, which are considered by

26、 some scholars as nonverbal communication;7) various art forms and media such as painting, architecture, music, film, ballet, and mime3. Functions of nonverbal behavior in communication In some types of communication people express more nonverbally than verbally. “One study done in the United States

27、 showed that in the communication of attitudes, 93% of the message was transmitted by the tone of the voice and by facial expressions, whereas only 7% of the speakers attitude was transmitted by words.”4(P122) Nonverbal communication is significant in human interaction because it is usually responsi

28、ble for first impression. Think for a moment for how often your first judgments are based on the color of a persons skin or the manner in which he or she is dressed. More important, those initial messages usually influence the perception of everything else that follows.Nonverbal behaviors and verbal

29、 communication interact in communication process. For simplicity, nonverbal communication serves to repeat, complement, reinforce, substitute, regulate or even contradict our verbal behavior. 4(P137-139)3.1RepeatingNonverbal communication can simply repeat what was said verbally. For instance, verba

30、l statements of agreement or disagreement are often accompanied by a nod or shake of the head to convey positive or negative feelings. We might hold up our hand in the gesture that signifies a person to stop at the same time we actually use the word “stop”. Or we might point in a certain direction a

31、fter we have just said (when tell a person the way to the railway station, you generally add a little information by pointing in the proper direction.). These could be considered repetition because they indicate the same meaning as the verbal messages.3.2ComplementingClosely related to repeating is

32、complementing. Although messages that repeat can stand alone, complementing generally adds more information to messages. Nonverbal signals can modify or elaborate on verbal messages. The actors or actresses of comedy or skit or short crosstalk are good at performing body language to make their perfo

33、rmance lively and more easily attract the attention of audiences. If you tell your friend that you have no money to lend him, you may turn out your pockets to show your sincere regret. You can tell someone that you are pleased with his or her performance, but this message takes on extra meaning if you pat th