外文翻译宝钢碱性氧气转炉炼钢生产及洁净钢控制.docx
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外文翻译宝钢碱性氧气转炉炼钢生产及洁净钢控制
Basicoxygenfurnacebasedsteel-makingprocessesandcleanlinesscontrolatBaosteel
L.Zhang*1,J.Zhi2,F.Mei2,L.Zhu2,X.Jiang2,J.Shen2,J.Cui2,K.Cai3andB.G.Thomas4
Opticalmicroscopy,totaloxygenmeasurementsandslimetestshavebeenconductedtoquantifythesizedistributionandamountofinclusionsatvariousprocessingstepsduringbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)basedsteelproductionatBaosteel.Theeffectsonsteelcleanlinessofspecificoperationalimprovementsduringsteelrefiningandcontinuouscastinghavebeeninvestigated.SuchimprovementstotheseprocessesandtheresultinglevelofsteelcleanlinessatBaosteelaresummarisedinthepresentpaper.LadleslagreductionlowersFeO+MnOintheslagtobelow5%,decreasingsteelreoxidationbytheslag.CalciumtreatmentbyCaSiwireinjectionduringladlefurnace(LF)refiningisusedtomodifyinclusions.Slagdetectionisemployedattheladlebottomduringcontinuouscasting.Flowcontroldevices,CaOcontainingfiltersandhighCaObasedbasicpowderwithCaO/Si02>4areusedinthetundishtoremovemoreinclusions.WiththisBOFbasedsteelmakingprocess,impuritylevelscanbecontrolledtoachieve-totaloxygen(TO)<16ppm,[S]<5ppm,[P]<35ppm,[N]<29ppm,[H]<1ppminlinepipesteels,and[C]<16ppm,TO<19ppm,[N]<15ppmininterstitialfree(IF)steels.
Keywords:
Cleansteel,Inclusions,Impurityelements,Interstitialfreesteel,Linepipesteel
Introduction
Theimportanceofcleansteelinterrasofproductqualityisincreasinglybeingrecognised.Cleansteelrequirescontrolofthesizedistribution,morphologyandcompositionofnon-metallicoxideinclusionsinadditiontotheamount.Furthermore,sulphur,phosphorus,hydrogen,nitrogenandevencarbon[1,2]shouldalsobecontrolledtoimprovethesteelproperties.Forexample,,formability,ductilityandfatiguestrengthworsenwithincreasingsulphideandoxideinclusioncontents.Loweringthecarbonandnitrogenenhancesstrainagingandincreasesductilityandtoughness.Hardenabilityandresistancetotemperembrittlementcanbeenhancedbyreducingphosphorus.Thedefinitionof'cleansteel'varieswiththesteelgradeanditsenduse.Forexample,interstitialfree(IF)steelrequiresbothcarbonandnitrogentobe<30ppm;linepipesteelrequiressulphur,phosphorusandtotaloxygen(TO)alltobe<30ppm,lowhydrogen,lownitrogenandsuitableCa/Sandbearingsteelrequiresthetotaloxygentobelessthan10ppm.[3]Inaddition,manyapplicationsrestrictthemaximumsizeofinclusions[3,4],sothesizedistributionofinclusionsisalsoimportant.
BaoshanIron&SteelCo.,Ltd(Baosteel)iscurrentlythelargeststeelcompanyinChina.Itsannualsteelproductionwas115milliontonnesin2003,119milliontonnesin2004and14.0milliontonnesin2005.Withregardtothebasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)basedsteelmakingroute,therearethree300tandtwo250tBOFs;severalsteelrefiningunits,includingoneCAS-OBunit(controlledargonstirring-oxygenblow),twoRH(Ruhrstahl-Heraeus)degassersandoneladlefurnace(LF).Since1990,effortstoimprovesteelcleanlinesshavefocusedondevelopingsteelmakingpracticestolowerTO,N,S,P,HandClevelstoachievelowcarbonaluminiumkilled(LCAK)steel.ForLCAKsteelandIFsteel,theproductionprocessisBOF→RH→continuouscasting(CC),andforlinepipesteel,theprocessisBOF→RH→LF→CC.
Experimentalmethodandexaminationofinclusionsinsteel
Experimentalmethods
Ladlesteelsamplesweretaken500-600mmbelowthetopslagintheladle,tundishsteelsamplesfrom300mmaboveitsoutletandmouldsteelsamplesfrom150mmbelowthemeniscusand300mmawayfromthesubmergedentrynozzle(SEN)outports.Thesamplerwasacylindricalsteelcupwithaconeshapedcoppercovertoprotectitfromslagentrainmentduringimmersion.Attachedtoalongbar,thesamplerwasimmerseddeepintothemoltensteel,wherethecoppermeltedandthecupwasfilled.Smallsteelsamples,80mminlengthand30mmindiameter,weremachinedinto5(dia.)x5mmcylindersforTOandnitrogenanalysis,and20(dia.)×15mmcylindersformicroscopeexamination.Thesteelpowdersresultingfrommachiningwereusedforanalysisofthecarbon,phosphorusandsulphurcontents.LargeSteelsamplesfromtheladleandtundish,200mminlengthand80mmindiameter,weremachinedinto60(dia.)×150mmcylinders;asshowninFig.1.TOandnitrogenmeasurement.Analysisincludedthechemicalcompositionofslagandsteelsamples,microscopeexaminationofmicroinclusions,slimeextractionofmacroinclusionsandSEManalysisofthemorphologyandcompositionofinclusions.
Fig.1Samplinglocationsforcontinuouslycastslab:
TOtotaloxygen
Inthepresentwork,'macroinclusions'werethosegreaterthan50umindiameter.Mostoftheseweredetectedintheresiduesextractedbyelectrolyticisolation('slimetest')fromthelargersteelsamples.The'microinclusions'dataderivefrommicroscopicassessmentscarriedoutonplanarsections,mostofwhichweresmallerthan~50μm
Morphologyandcompositionoftypicalinclusions
Themorphology,compositionandlikelysourcesoftypicalinclusionsfoundinLCAKsteelsamplesformtheladle,tundishandmoundareshowninFigs.2and3respectively.Themorphologiesincluded:
(a)angularaluminate(Fig.2dandfandFig.3b);(b)aluminacluster(Fig.2bandc);and(c)sphericalsilicate(Fig.2aandcandFig.3a).
a.ladle;b.tundish;c,d.mound;e,f.slab
Fig.2Typicalinclusionsfromgivensamplesexaminedbymicroscope
(a)tundish(b)slab
Fig.3Typicalinclusionsfromgivensamplesextractedusingslimemethod
Thepossiblesourcesweredeoxidationproducts,reoxidationproductsorbrokenrefractoryliningbricks.Inlinepipesteel,besidesthesecommoninclusions,manynanoscaleTiNinclusionswerefoundalonggrainboundaries.ThesenanoTiNchangedfromsquaretoellipsoidifcombinedwithTi2O3,asshowninFig.4[5]
a.compoundinclusionswithcompositionTi2O3+MnS;b.TiNinclusion
Fig.4Nanoprecipitatesinlinepipesteel
Totaloxygenmeasurementisanindirectmethodofevaluatingoxideinclusionsinasteel.3Thetotaloxygen(TO)inthesteelisthesumofthefreeoxygen(dissolvedoxygen)andtheoxygencombinedasnon-metallicinclusions.Freeoxygen,or'active'oxygen,canbemeasuredrelativelyreadilyusingoxygensensors.Itiscontrolledmainlybyequilibriumthermodynamicswithdeoxidationelements,suchasaluminium.If[%A1]=0.03-0-06,thefreeoxygenis3-5ppmat1600°C.Becausethefreeoxygendoesnotvarymuch,thetotaloxygenisareasonableindirectmeasureofthetotalamountofoxideinclusionsinthesteel.OwingtothesmallpopulationoflargeinclusionsinasteelandthesmallsamplesizeforTOmeasurement(normally<20g),itisraretofindalargeinclusioninasample.Evenifasamplecontainsalargeinclusion,itisprobablydiscountedbecauseoftheanomaloushighreading.Thus,theTOcontentactuallyrepresentsthelevelof<50umsmalloxideinclusionsonly.ThecurrentTOinIFandlinepipesteelslabsatBaosteelis<16ppm.TheTOintheladle,tundish,mouldandslabintwotypicalsequencesofLCAKsteelisshowninFig.5,indicatingthattheTOdecreasedfromtheladletothetundish,tothemouldandtothecontinuouslycastslab.
Fig.5Totaloxygeninsteelfromladletoslab
Ladleoperationstoremovemoreinclusions
Ladleslagreductiontreatment
ReoxidationtoformaluminaintheladleduringsteelrefiningismainlycausedbySi02intheslagandliningrefractory,andMnOandFeOintheladleslag,bythefollowingreactions:
3/2(Si02)+2[Al]=(Al203)+3/2[Si]
3(MnO)+2[Al]s=(Al203)+3[Mn]
3(FeO)+2[Al]s=(A1203)+3[Fe]
SlagreductiontreatmentiscarriedoutbyaddingaluminiumandlimeontothetopoftheladleslagtoreduceitsFeOandMnOcontent.TheeffectofladleslagreductiontreatmentontheTOcontentinthesteelisshowninFig.6.AlargerFeO+MnOcontentintheladleslagcorrespondstohighertotaloxygen.Withtheslagreductiontreatment,MnOandFeOintheladleslagwerereducedto<5%,correspondingto<20ppmTOinthetundish.
Fig.6EffectofFeOandMnOcontentinladleslagonTOinsteel
Calciumtreatment
Nozzleclogginginducesseriouscastabilityproblemsinaluminiumkilledsteels,suchasloweringthecastingspeed,inducingasymmetricalfluidflowandlevelfluctuationsinthemould,thusentrappingmoreinclusions,andsometimescausingabreakout.Removingmoreinclusionsbeforecontinuouscastingisthebestwaytopreventnozzleclogging,andistheonlyapproachforsteelswithverystrictrequirementsonformability[6].
AtBaosteel,CaSiwireisfedintothemoltensteelduringladlerefining.AluminareactswithCaO,formingcalciumaluminates.Tfthegeneratedcalciumaluminateshavealowmeltingpoint,thencloggingisimproved.ThepossiblecompoundinclusionsgeneratedbycalciumtreatmentincludeCA6,CA2,CA,Ci2A7andC3A,whereCandArepresentCaOandA1203,respectively.Thefirsttwoshouldbeavoidedowingtotheirhighmeltingpointover1700°C.
CurrentpracticeatBaosteelindicatesthat[Ca]shouldbe>25ppminordertopreventsolidaluminabasedinclusionclogs.ToomuchcalciumcanalsogenerateCaSwithahighmeltingpoint(2450°C).ToomuchsulphurinthesteelandtoolowatemperaturealsoenablesCaSgeneration.Baosteelpracticeindicatesthat<50ppm[Ca]inthesteelcanpreventCaSgeneration,and[Ca]/[Al]>0.09favourspreventionofnozzleclogging(Fig.17).Hence,[Ca]needstobecontrolledwithintherange25-50ppm,and[Ca]/[Al]>0-09,toavoidnozzlecloggingproblems.
Controlofnitrogen,carbon,sulphurandphosphorusi