论文摘抄中美饮食文化差异.docx
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论文摘抄中美饮食文化差异
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中美饮食文化的差异
摘要
随着社会的迅速发展和进步,跨国文化的交流是我们国家发展的必不可少的部分,然而在这跨国的商务活动中,饮食是必不可少的。
不用的饮食文化将会反映出不同国家的历史背景,然而不同的国家地域饮食文化也是不同的,所以说了解各国的饮食文化对我们跨国文化交流来说是很重要的。
本文主要讲述了中美两国饮食文化的差异,主要从饮食文化概念的差异,饮食文化桌面方式的差异和菜肴的差异详细的讲述了中美饮食文化的差异。
希望的本文的讲解能够帮大家更深刻的理解中美的饮食文化,也希望能给大家在实践和理论上会有更大的帮助!
了解中西饮食文化差异的同时,接受可以接受的部分并与中国饮食相融合,使我们日常生活中的饮食更加丰富,但又不乏自身特色。
这才是我们正确对待中西饮食文化的态度
关键词:
饮食文化;文化差异;餐饮礼节;饮食概念
Abstract
Withtherapiddevelopmentandadvancedsociety,communicatewithforeigncountrybecomemoreandmorepopular.andinterculturalbusinessisalsoessentialforourcountrydevelopment.Duringtheinterculturalbusinessactivies,dietistheindespensableforus.howeverthedifferentcountryhavediferentdietculture.andthedifferentculturewillreflectdifferentcountryhistiryanfbackground.weshouldlearnandunderstandeachcountrydietculturewellsothatwecandoourinterculturalbusinesswell.thispaperwilldiscussthedietculturedifferencebetweenchinanadamericaindetailfromthereparts:
conceptdifference,tablemannersdifferenceandcontentsdifference.Hopethispaperwillhelpusunderstanddietculturedifferencedepply.Tosomeextent,hopethisresearchbeofsignificanceboththeoreticallyandpractically.
KeyWords:
dietculture;cultutedifference;dietetiquette;dietconcept
Contents
摘要……………………………………………………………………………….1
Abstract……………………………………………………….……….………..2
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………4
1.Introduction5
2.Thechinacookinghistory…………………………………………………………5
3.TheAmericacuisinedevelopment…………………………………………………7
4.ThedietdifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericacountries9
4.1Differencesinconcept9
4.1.1Sensibilityvs.practicality9
4.1.2Complexityvs.simplicity11
4.2Differencesintablemanners11
4.2.1Differenttable-wares:
chopsticksvs.forks11
4.2.2Differentdrinkingprotocol…………………………………………......12
4.2.3Differentconceptsregardingthetimeofattendance13
4.2.4Differentarrangementsofseats14
4.3Differencesincontents15
2.3.1Refinementsvs.nutrients15
2.3.2Differencesofdishnames4
4.Conclusion16
5.Notes10
6.Reference…………………………………………………………………………17
Acknowledgements
Onthecompletionofmythesis,Ishouldliketoexpressmydeepestgratitudetoallthosewhosekindnessandadvicehavemadethisworkpossible.
IamgreatlyindebtedtomytutorProfessor…whogavemevaluableinstructions,andurgedmetobeginmyresearchworkassoonaspossible.Hiseffectiveadvice,shrewdcommentsandquickcorrectionshavekeptthethesisintherightdirection.
IamgratefultoProfessor…,Professor…,Professor…andProfessor…of…University.TheyhaveimprovedmeinlanguageandinresearchmethodologyandhaveshownmeintothefascinatingworldofEnglishliteratureandwesternculture.
Mygratitudeistomy…whoconstantlyencouragedmewhenIfeltfrustratedwiththisdissertation.Iamgratefulforhisconstructivesuggestionsandcarefulreadingofthemanuscript.
DietculturedifferencebetweenchinaandAmerica
1.Introduction
WiththerapiddevelopmentoftheChineseeconomyandtheinfluencesofenteringtheWTO,theinternationalcommunicationactivitiesbetweenChinaandforeigncountriesarebecomingmoreandmorepopular.Makingfriendsduringbanquetisakindofcommonformofcommunication.However,diet,asessentialprerequisiteforexistence,isanysubstancethatprovidesthenutrientsnecessarytomaintainlifeandgrowthwheningested.Itplaysanirreplaceableroleinthedevelopmentofsocietyandintheprogressofhumanbeings,whetherinancienttimeswhenprimitivemanatetherawfleshofbirdsandbeastsorinmoderntimeswhenhumanshaveenteredtheneweraofinformation,andwhetherinEastorinWest.
TherearegreatdifferencebetweenChinaandWesterncountriesinetiquetteandcontentofdietcultures,sothecomparativestudyofChinese&Westerndietcultureswillhelpusincreasecross-culturalawarenessthattolerating,understanding,andfurthermore,appreciatingandrespectingculturaldifferenceisessentialifwearetoachievecross-culturalcompetenceduringtheinteraction.Moreover,aswecommunicatewithpeoplefromdifferentcultures,wewilllearnmoreaboutthemandtheirwayoflife,includingtheirhistory,valuesandthesubstanceoftheirpersonality,andeventually,wewillunderstandthembetter.Basedontheabove-mentionedpurposes,wewilldiscussthedietdifferencebetweenChinaandAmericaindetail.
2.DevelopmentofChineseCookingHistory
Chinaisacountrywherethepreparationandappreciationoffoodhasbeendevelopedtothehighestlevel.Chinesecultureconsiderscookinganart.Allotherphilosophiesconsiderthepreparationoffoodacraft.
TheartofChinesecookinghasbeendevelopedandrefinedovermanycenturies.EmperorFutaughtpeopletofish,hunt,growcropsandcooktwentycenturiesbeforeChrist.HowevercookingcouldnotbeconsideredanartuntilthegreatclassicalageofChina,theChouDynasty1122-249B.C.
ThetwodominantphilosophiesoftheChinesecultureareConfucianismandTaoism.EachinfluencedthecourseofChinesehistoryandthedevelopmentoftheculinaryarts.Confucianismconcerneditselfwiththeartofcookingandplacedgreatemphasisontheenjoymentoflife.TotheChinese,foodandfriendsareinseparable.Agatheringwithoutfoodisconsideredincompleteandimproper.
Confuciuslovedandrespectedtheartofcooking.Heestablishedculinarystandardsandpropertableetiquette.Mostofthesearestillconsideredtobethestandardsoftoday.ThetraditionofcuttingfoodsintobitesizepiecesduringpreparationandnotatthetableisuniquetotheChineseculture.TheuseofknivesataChinesedinerisconsidered"poortaste."
Confuciustaughtthatgoodcookingdependsontheblendingofvariousingredientsandcondimentsratherthanthetasteoftheindividualelements.Hebelievedthatinordertobecomeagoodcookonemustfirstbeagoodmatchmaker.Theflavorsoftheingredientsmustbeblendedwithharmony.Withoutthisharmonythereisnotaste.Healsostressedtheuseofcolorandtextureinthepresentationofthedish.MostcertainlyConfucianismhelpedelevatecookingfromamenialtasktothestatusofanart,"theartofChinesecooking."
Taoismwasresponsibleforthedevelopmentofthehygienicaspectsoffoodsandcooking.Theprincipleobjectsofthisphilosophywerethenourishmentofthebodyandthesearchforlongevity.IncontrasttoConfucianswhowereinterestedinthetaste,textureandappearance,Taoistswereconcernedwiththelife-givingattributesofvariousfoods.
OverthecenturiestheChinesehaveexploredtheworldofplants,roots,herbsfungusandseedstofindlife-givingelements.Theydiscoveredthenutritionalvalueofvegetablescouldbedestroyedbyimpropercookingandthatmanyitemshadmedicinalvalue.Forexample,ginger,afavoritecondiment,isalsousedtosootheanupsetstomachandasacoldremedy.
UnlikethemajorityofeasterncuisinesmostChinesedishesarelow-calorieandlow-fat.Foodiscookedusingpoly-unsaturatedoils,andmilk,cream,butterandcheesearenota.partofthedailydiet.Animalfatsarekepttoaminimumduetothesmallportionsofmeatsused.PleasenotehoweverthatsomedishesservedinChineserestaurantsmaybeconsiderablyhigherincaloriesandfatsthanthoseinthiscookbookthatyouprepareathome.
TheChinesefollowingthephilosophyofTaoismmayhavefoundtheanswersin500B.C.totoday'sdietandhealthproblems.TheChinesecookingstylecertainlyaffordsyoutheopportunitytocookhealthy.
3.Americancuisine
TheUnitedStatesisalandofdeliciouseatingfromcoasttocoastandneighborhoodtoneighborhood.Butitsculturalandculinarymixmakesitimpossibletocharacterizeinasinglebyteorevenastringofthem.
ThetwoconceptsessentialtounderstandingUSfoodareregionalismanddiversity,accentonthelatter.Afterall,Italianfooddiffersfromprovincetoprovinceandcitytocityaswell.ButkeythemesrunthroughItaly'sfoodfromsouthtonorthsimplybecauseitspeoplehavesuchstrongrootsintheItaliansoil.NotsowiththeUS.Anationofnewcomers,itsfoodreflectsitsorigins.
SomeofthestrongestinfluencesonUScuisinecamefromAfricanslaves,thepeoplewholeastintendedtobehere.Americanfoodisinconceivablewithoutbarbecueinitsmanyvariations,allkindsoffrittersandamessofgreens.IndeedAfricansbroughtwiththemimportanttechniquesincludingsmokingmeats,fryinggrainsandlegumesintofritters,boilingleafygreenvegetables,andmakinguphot,spicysauces.SinceAfrican-AmericansranthekitchensonSouthernplantations,theyplayedamajorroleinmoldingtherenownedcuisineoftheSouth.Yearslaterwhenrailroadsbegantocrossthecontinent,Blackmenranthegalleysandcarriedthatinfluencenorthandwest.
Chinesefoodarrivedwiththefirstlaborersbroughtovertobuildtherailroads.ConfinedtotheChinesecommunitywhichwaslegallykeptfromminglingwiththebroaderpopulation,itoverflowedthebordersofChinatownstobecomepartoftheAmericaneatingexperience.
Theearliestimmigrants,largelyfromCanton,broughtwiththematasteforwhatmanyaficionadosbelieveisthemostdelicateandrefinedofChinesecuisines.ThemixofmorerecentarrivalsinsuresthateverycityofmediumsizeofferscookingfromSzechwan,Hunan,andbeyond.ChinesefoodisnowinseparablylodgedintheAmericansmorgasbord.NoteveryonehasaccesstogreatChinesefood,butallhaveaccesstosome.
TheseventiesandeightiesbroughtaninfluxofSoutheastAsiansinthew