英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文.docx

英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文.docx

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英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文

从生态女性主义的角度来分析苔丝

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摘要

托马斯.哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》是英国以及世界文学史上的经典之作。

本文主要通过女性生态主义的角度来理解和分析这篇小说。

生态女性主义者认为，自然与女性是人类生存和发展的本源，二者均与男性相对立，而且都是资本主义工业化经济扩张过程中的受害者。

在小说中，苔丝作为哈代塑造的一位女性，身处在英国工业大肆向农村扩张的时期，同时被男性所欺凌和压迫。

同时，她身边的自然环境和生产方式的改变也体现着以男性为中心的社会对于自然界的扩张和侵犯。

因此，本文将通过生态女性主义的角度来分析《德伯家的苔丝》。

通过生态女性主义的视角分析哈代的自然观、妇女观在作品中的体现和其作品中反映的苔丝与自然的亲密关系以及在男权社会中女权主义的崛起，能给读者以一个新的角度来重新理解这部作品，与此同时，能够对生态女性主义及其发展有很好的了解。

关键词：

生态女性主义；自然；工业化；男权社会

AnalysisofTessoftheD’urbervillesintheLightofEcofeminism

Abstract

ThomasHardy’snovelTessoftheD’urbervillesisagreatclassicworkinEnglandaswellasintheworld.ThisthesiswillanalysisTessoftheD’urbervillesinthelightofecofeminism.Ecofeministsarguesthatnatureandfeministaretheoriginofhumanbeing’sexistenceanddevelopment,thetwoareincompatibletomen.Moreover,arethevictimsintheprocessofcapitalisticindustrializationandexpansivemaleintrusion.Inthenovel,TessisaheroinecreatedbyHardy,whowassettoliveinthetimesofindustrializationapproachtoruralarea.,andbulliedandoppressedbymasculine.Besides,thenaturesurroundingherandthemodifyofproductionstylealsocanreflecttheexpansionaswellastheinvasionendowedbymalecenteredworld.Therefore,thisthesiswillreadTessoftheD’urbervillesbyangelofecofeminism.Through

AnalysisofHardy’sviewofnatureandwomeninthelightofecofeminismaswellasTess’scloserelationshipwithnatureandtheemergencyoffeminismamongmalechauvinism,whichwillgivereaderanewangeltounderstandthenovel.Meanwhile,wecanhaveagoodunderstandingofecofeminism.

KeyWords:

TessoftheD’urbervilles;Ecofeminism;Women;Nature;Indusrtilization

CONTENTS

1.4Whatisnewinmystudy

Chapter1Introduction

Literatureisnotonlyanartbutalsoamirrorofreallife.Whenstudyingaliteraturework,scholarsactuallystudyhistory.Nowadaysanincreasingnumberofscholarshavebegantostudythehistoryofacountry’seconomic,political,cultureandenvironmentformsfromtheperspectiveofliteraturebecausethroughdifferentkindsofliteraryworks,wecanseeallsortsoffeelingssuchasjoy,anger,sorrow.Thefeatureofliteratureisvarious,oneofwhichistragedy.Inthetragedy,itisinevitablethattheheroesorheroinesshouldsufferasetbackordisadvantage,madethemselvesindishonor,experiencehardness.Withabadending,tragedyoftencontainsacertainphilosophyoflife.

“TessoftheD’urbervilles“isoneoftheHardy’stragedies,amasterpiecewhichbroughthimintoanumberofliterarycriticsnotice.Itreflectedthewriter’srealsocietysystemandmorals.Sostudyingthisnovelcanhelpustoknowaboutthesystemandconceptofthattime.Therearemanydifferentapproachesfromvariouswaystoanalysisthenovel..ThisessaymainlystudytheTessinthelightofecofeminism,whichconcernsbothfeminismandecologyprinciple.

Firstofall,itwillreviewotherpeople’sunderstandingofthenovelTessoftheD’urbervilles.Thenitwilldemonstratestheoriginationanddevelopmentaswellasthetrenditgoes.Thechapterthreewillgettothepoint,thatisapplythetheoryecofeminismtothedetail.AlltheanalysesofTessoftheD’urbervillesarehopedtoenableustoseetherelationshipbetweenwomenandnatureaswellasman.

Ecofeminismhasbeenadmittedtoanimportanttheoryofliterature,thoughthetermecofeminismhasonlybeeninuseforarelativelyshorttime.Therefore,analysisingTessoftheD’urbervilles.withecofeminismapproachiscomparativelyyoung.

1.1Thewritingbackground

ThomasHardywasthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictoriaages，whichwasanageofgreatchangeandmanydifficulties.Victoriannovelswerefullofsensibilitiesandweretendedtobeidealizedportraitsofdifficultlivesinwhichhardwork,perseverance,loveandluckwinoutintheend;virtuewouldberewardedandsinnersaresuitablypunished.Theytendedtobeofanimprovingnaturewithacentralmorallessonatheart.WhilethisformulawasthebasisformuchofearlierVictorianfiction,thesituationbecamemorecomplexasthecenturyprogressed.Itwasalsoanageofrealismratherthanofromanticism.Realismtriestotellthewholetruthshowingmoralandphysicaldiseasesastheyare.Victorianliterature,ingeneral,truthfullyrepresentedtherealityandspiritofthisagewhichwasthegreatageoftheEnglishnovel—realistic,thicklyplotted,crowdedwithcharacters,andlongarticle.Hardy,whoalsoshownthetruthofthisagewithahighplaceinWesternliteraturewhichcamefromtheturbulenceoflifeanddeterministicofhumanbeing.HistragediesinthehistoryofWesternliteraturewerenotanaccidentforthetragedyconsciousness.ThetragedyconsciousnessinHardy’snovelsoriginatedfromWesterntraditionaltragicspiritwhichwasfullofrationalismandprofoundreflectiononthecontradictionsofhumansociety.Anditalsorevealedanineluctableandinevitableconditionalityoffate.Thatistosay,theheroesorheroineswouldleadtothetragicroadoflifeintheendinWesternliteraturenomatterwhethertheylikedornot.Tragedymostlywastheirfinalarrangement.

ThomasHardy’snovelsaredeeplyinfluencedbyGreektragediesandShakspeareantragedies.AndhewasdeeplyinfluencedbySchopenhauer’stragedyconsciousness.Schopenhauerwasafamousphilosopherwhobelievedthatlifewasatragedyandlifewasfilledwithdesire.Schopenhauerdividedtragedyintothreetypes:

thetragedycausedbythosewhocommittedheinouscrimes,thetragedyledbytheironyoffateandthetragedycausedbymisunderstandinganddistrustbetweenpersonsineverydaylife.HebelievedthatthelasttragedywasmostterribleonewhichwecanseeinHardy’sworks.Hardybegantocreatingthenovelsintheearly1870s.Inthelate1890s,heturnedtowritepoetry.TheBritaininthisperiodwasundergoingatransitionperiodfromlaisser–fairecapitalismtoimperialism.Thecapitalismthoughtthatthesocialsystemofthisperiodcouldnotbechanged.ButHardy’sworksexactlyclashedwithit,whichreflectedthetremendouschangesofsocietybecauseoftheinvasionofindustrialcapitaltothevillage.HehadexposedthemaskofBritishsocietywhichcanreflectinthenovelTessoftheD’ubervilles.

1.2TheMainContentofTessoftheD’urbervilles

TessoftheD’ubervillescameintoaconflictwithVictorianmorality.Inthisnovel,Hardyreachestheheightofhisachievementasanovelist.Likemostothernovels,rurallifeisaprominentissueinthestory.Andtheissueoffateversusfreedomofactionisanotherimportantaspectofthisnovel.IttellsthatavillagegirlcalledTesswhowasverybeautiful,pure,plain,honest,butwentthroughamiserablelife.Shewasborninapoorfamilywithmuchconcerntoherfamily.HerfatherwhodranktoomuchandcametounderstandthattheDurbeyfieldfamilycouldverywellbethedescendentsofaroyalfamily.SoherparentssenthertotheD’urbervillemansiontoworkandmarryawealthyman.It’stherethatshewasrapedbytheAlec,thesonoftheD’urbervillesandpregnant.ShefellinlovewithAngelClarebeforelong.Clarelovedherverymuchandlongedtomarryherbutshedelayedtoanswerthisofferofmarriagejustbecauseshedidnotknowhowtotellthetruthofbeingraped.Despitethis,finally,thiskindheartedandsinceregirldecidedtotellhimthisbadthing.However,whenTesstoldhimthetruththatshewasrapedbyAlec.Anglecouldnotforgetherforhavinganotherman’schild.Therefore,AngelabandonedTess.Alecreturnedintoherlifeasa“preacher”.Atfirst,Tessdidn’taccepthimforthepastevils.Afterherfather’sdeathunexpectedly,Tesshadtheburdenofthefamilywelfareonhershoulders,soonwereevictedfromtheircottage.ShedeeplybelievedthatAngelwouldnevercomebackasAlecsaid.TessknewherfamilywouldlivebetterbyacceptingAlec’swealthandpropertyButtohersurprised,Angelreturnedfrombrazil,repentinghisharshness,butonlytofindthatTesslivingwithAlec.TesskilledAlecindesperation.Atlastshewasarrestedandhanged.

1.3LiteratureReview

AsforTessoftheD’urbervilles,differentapproachesareavailableafteritpublished.

Gose,Jr,ElliottB,in1963forthefirsttimeadoptaDarwinismtoanalysisTessoftheD’urbervilleinhisbookPsychicEvolution:

DarwinismandInitiationinTessoftheD’urbervilles,HeholdsthatthebloodimageryinTessismainlyduetotheritualinitiation.GosealsoarguesthatTessstrugglesforpsychicevolution,butisforcedtorevertintoretrogressiveprimitivebehavior.Accordingtoanthropology,primitiveritualtosomeextentisthatmanattemptstocontrolnature.

In1966,criticKettlearguesthatmacrocosmicsocialandeconomicforcesarethedeterminersofplotinthisnovel.Changesbroughtaboutbymodernization---thedeclineof“haling”withtheriseofnewmethodsofgoodsdistributionandthemovementofthepopulationfromruraltourbanareas---bringhardshipupontheDurbeyfieldsandleadTesstoAlecD’urberville.

AsoneofearlyreviewersofTessoftheD’urbervilles,Johnson,Lionel,Britishwriterandcritic,hecomplainsthatHardydoesnotmakeclearwhoistoblame（nature,god,orsociety）.JohnsonobjectstoHardy’stendenciestodenythepowerofconscienceinman,tounderemphasizetheweightofhumanhistoryandcivilizationandtoplacemanuponthelevelofotheranimals’.Inhisopinion,Tessisequaltoananimalwitha“darklingconscience”,whoseunhappinessistheresultofa“vaguesenseofsocialmisdemeanor,ratherfromrationality.

In1999,EllenRooneystudiedTessoftheD’urbervilleswithafeministperspectivewhichaddressesafewkeyconflictsinthest