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德伯家的苔丝
编号
本科生毕业设计(论文)
题目:
AStudyofCauseofTess’sTragedy
太湖学院英语专业
学号0831058
学生姓名何佳
指导教师王艳华
二〇一一年八月
摘要
托马斯·哈代(1840-1928),是19世纪英国重要的现实主义代表之一,在英国文学史上,他是一个杰出的现实主义作家,同时也是一位非凡的小说家和诗人。
他把自己的小说分成三类:
罗曼史与幻想,阴谋爱情故事和性格与环境小说,其中最后一类是最出名的,许多为大众所知的小说都属于这一类,例如《德伯家的苔丝》。
《德伯家的苔丝》阐述了一个漂亮的乡村女孩苔丝·德波菲尔的悲惨故事,她的一生主要受到三个人的影响。
第一个是亚雷克·德伯维尔,一个富商的儿子,戴着贵族的头衔,却强暴了苔丝。
他的出现影响了苔丝的一切。
第二个是安吉尔·克莱尔,一个牧师的儿子。
他敢于打破家族的传统理念,去寻找自己的理想,过着平静的生活。
他与苔丝相爱并结婚,但是两人的婚姻接着破裂,而且他们的结果是凄惨的。
第三个就是苔丝自己。
除此以外,资产阶级社会和她的家庭在很大程度上也毁了她。
所以,这篇论文旨在研究苔丝巨大悲剧的原因,同时,也会对各个有因素作更详细的分析。
关键字:
托马斯·哈代;《德伯家的苔丝》;三个人;因素
Abstract
ThomasHardy(1840-1928),novelistandpoet,isoneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismattheturnofthe19thcentury.HardyisanoutstandingrealistinEnglishliterature.Hehimselfclassifiedhisnovelintothreegroups:
RomancesandFantasies,NovelsofIngenuity,andNovelsofCharacterandEnvironment.Ofthethreethelastgroupisthemostoutstanding,andmostofhisbetterknownnovelsbelongtoit,includingTessofD’Urbervilles.Ittellsthetragicstoryofabeautifulcountrygirl,TessDurbeyfield.Sheisapurewoman.Inherlife,therearethreepersonswhomainlyaffecther.ThefirstoneisAlecD’Urbervilles,thesonofarichmerchantwhohasboughthistitleintotheclassofgentry.HerapesTessandhisappearancechangesTess’sall.ThesecondpersonisAngelClare,aclergyman’sson,whohasbrokenwiththetraditionsofhisfamilytoseektheidealinaquietlife.HefallsinlovewithTessandtheyareengagedtoeachother.Buttheirmarriagebreaksupthen,andtheirresultismiserable.ThethirdoneisTessherself.Besides,thebourgeoissocietyandthefamilyruinherlifelargely.ThisessayaimstostudyhowTessissufferedwithsuchagreattragedy,andatthesametime,itisgoingtomakemoreanalysisofthesecausesandfactors.
Keywords:
ThomasHardy;TessofD’Urbervilles;threepersons;factors
Content
Chapter1Descriptionofthefigure1
Chapter2AnalysisoftheMainCauses2
2.1TheSocialTragedy2
2.2TheDirectReason3
2.3TheSpiritualDestructionofTraditionalEthics4
Chapter3OtherReasons7
3.1TheCharacteristicElements7
3.2TheFateTragedy8
Chapter4Conclusion10
Reference11
Acknowledgement12
Chapter1Descriptionofthefigure
Tessistheheroineofthisbook,whoisamodernwomanidealizedbyHardy.InHardy’sidealworld,Tessisthesymbolofbeautyandtheincarnationoflove.SherepresentsvirtuesofWessexpeople:
beautiful,pure,kind-hearted,plain,charitableandtolerant.Shedarestosacrificeherselfandhasgoodwishestothefuture.Herspecialvirtueisthatshelovespeopleandtruststhem.Women’sgentlenessandvaliancemelttogetherinherheart.Shehasbeautifultemperament,strongwillingandintenseemotions.Besides,asthesameasWessexpeople,sheisquitesincere,faithful,naturalandpure.Shetriesherbesttoseekforheraspirationwithoutthehelpofmarriage,andpursuefreedomherself.WhensheworksatD’Urbervilles,shewantstosolveherfamilyproblemwithherworkandefforts.However,whenshefindsthatshe’scheatedandseducedbyAlec,sheleavestherefirmlyanddecisively.Tess’ssoulispureandhermoralityisnoble.Butfacingthebourgeoisiemorality,sheisregardedasthemodelofimmorality,theexampleoflewdnessandsheistheevilincarnationthatencroachthepureterritory.
Hardy’sopinionandthesocialprejudicearediametricallyopposedtoeachother.HecriticizesthehypocriticalmoralstandardsthroughtheimageofTess.Hardyfirmlybelievesthatmoralpurityliesinaperson’sheart,notatemporarymistake,soinHardy’sopinion,Tessisanexactlypurewoman.Onthecontrary,thesocietystickstothetraditionalcustomsandbelievesthatthetemporarymistakeisairreparabledepravation,soTessisasinnerwhoisguiltyofadultery.Hardythinksthattherenoneperfectpersonintheworldandaperson’sperfectionreflectsistheunderstandingoflife,loveforlife,richemotionsandfaithfullove.Onlyfromsuchperfectioncanproducetherealpure.HardystrictlycriticizesClarewhorepresentsthebourgeoispeople’sspiritualshackles.However,itisjustsuchakindofethicsthatcrystallizesthesocialconventions,whichhasadivinenature,istheunwrittenlawandregardedaslegitimatethingsforever.Tessisjustavictimofthiskindofworlddelusions.ThroughTess’stragedy,Hardyrevealsthehypocrisyandeviloftheethics,andexposesthebrutalcontent.
Chapter2AnalysisoftheMainCauses
2.1TheSocialTragedy
ThereisnodoubtthatthefirstcauseofTess’stragedyissociety.TessoftheD’UrbervillesisoneofHardy’sWessexNovels,whichgivesthebackgroundofhishometownWessex.Inthemid19thcentury,theruralareasareinvadedbytheBritishcapitalistindustrialcivilization,soisHardy’shometown.Itissobadlyaffectedthatthepatriarchalsocietydisintegratesquicklyandthoseindividualpeasantssufferfromunemploymentandpoverty.Confrontingwithconsequencesbroughtbytheindustrialcivilization,Hardy,asahumanist,isstronglyhurtinhisheart.Heemotionallylovestheancientpatriarchalcivilization,anddeeplydeteststhatdemolishmentwhichtheindustrialcivilizationhasmadetohuman’sharmoniouslife.TheawarenessofsocialtragedyinHardy’snovelexistsforthesocialbackgroundatthattime.Itstartsfromtheconflictsbetweenindividualcivilizationandpatriarchalcivilization,andfromthepanoramatothelocal,fromthesurfacetothepoint,itgivesanobjectivedescription.Besides,itcomprehensivelyexpressespeople’slivingtroubles.InTessoftheD’Urbervilles,Hardygivesapanoramicpictureoftheimpactofindustrialcivilizationonthecountry,andregardsTess’sfamilyasamicrocosmofindividualpeasants,anddeeplyshowsthethroesintheirphysicalplight.Thesocialtragedyiscausedbytheconflictsbetweenpeopleandsocialenvironment.TesslivesintheVictorianagewhichBritishcapitalisminvadesthecountrysideevenpoisonsthesocialatmosphere.Althoughsheisbeautiful,hard-workingandkind-hearted,shestillstandsinthelowstatusofaweakwoman,andlivesinextremepovertyandheavyburdens.Asalaborandafarmworkerwithnorightsandmoney,Tesssuffersfromdifferentkindsofoppressionsandhumiliations,noteconomic,powerfulandphysicalones,butalsospiritual,religiousandmoralones.Hertragedycontributestotheera.Atthesametime,AlecandClare,onbehalfoftwodifferentsocialforces,directlycreateTess’ssocialtragedy.
TheerathatTesslivesinis1880s.Atthattime,notonlydoesBritishcapitalismdevelopinthecity,butalsoitsproutsinthecountryside.Withtheinvasionofcapitalism,theBritishcountrysidewhichisunderthecontrolofpatriarchaltendstocollapse,andtheindividualfarmerssufferfrombankruptcyandpoverty.Asadaughterofapoorfarmerandawage-earner,Tess’sfateisinevitablytragic.Therefore,Tess’stragedyisbroughtaboutbytheeraandsociety.
2.2TheDirectReason
ThesecondreasonforTess’stragedy,whichisthedirectreason,isthepersecutionofviolence,forces,lawsandthewholestate.ThemainrepresentativeofsuchaviolenceandforcesisAlecD’Urbervilles.
Tessgrowsupinapicturesquecountryside.Thoughherfamilyisingreatpoverty,shestilllivesbrightlyandcheerfully.Sheloveslifeandhascouragetofacedifferentdifficulties.Besides,shedarestosacrificeherselfforthewholefamily.Sheisnotwillingwhenaskedto“claimkin”,butfinallyshedecidestogowithnochoice.
Alec’sfatherisarichmerchant,andhebuyshistitletotheclassofgentry.AtthefirstsightofTess,AlecexposeshislustforTess.Becauseofinnocenceandlackofexperience,TessisseducedbyAlec,andreturnshomepregnantanddisgraced.Thenagirl’schastityandhappinessaredestroyed.Afterthat,withthehelpofaclergyman,Alectriestorepentandbeagoodman.Later,hebecomesaclergyman,butdecadesofbadhabitshaven’tbeentotallyeradicated.WhenhehappenstomeetTessagain,hisevilregenerates,whichturnsallhispreviouslabortonothing.However,Tessunderstandsclearlywhensheseesthemandressingasclergyman,“Ican’tbelieveinsuchsuddenthings!
Ifeelindignantwithyoufortalkingtomelikethis,whenyouknow-whenyouknowwhatharmyou'vedoneme!
You,andthoselikeyou,takeyourfillofpleasureonearthbymakingthelifeofsuchasmebitterandblackwithsorrow;andthenitisafinething,whenyouhavehadenoughofthat,tothinkofsecuringyourpleasureinheavenbybecomingconverted!
Outuponsuch-Idon'tbelieveinyou.Ihateit!
”TessexposesAlec’spretenseofconvertingtothereligion,andAlec’sbehavioralsoshowsthewriter’sdoubtaboutthereligiouspower.
Afterthen,AleccontinuespesteringTess.HecallsTessstupidwife,andcheatsherthatherhusbandwillnevercomebackagain.What’smore,heeventhreatensthat,“Remember,mylady,Iwasyourmasteronce!
Iwillbeyourmasteragain,Ifyouareanyman’swife,youaremine!
”However,Tesswouldratherstayinthefarm,enduringcruelexploitationandwithstandingheavyworkthansurrenderherselftoAlecandaccepthishelp.Nevertheless,herfatherdiesandthewholefamilyareevictedandthrownoutonthestreet.Tosupporthermotherandheryoungersistersandbrothers,TessisthereforeforcedtogobacktoAlectobehismistress.Sincethen,herhappinessisruinedcompletely.
Tessisthevictimofthepowerandviolence.ThereasonforAlec’sdaringtodoallallkindsofevilandwhateverhewantsisnotonlythemoneyandpower.What’smoreimportantisthatheisprotectedbythelawandthewholebour