英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文.docx

1、英语专业文学德伯家的苔丝论文从生态女性主义的角度来分析苔丝专业：英语 学号： 学生姓名： 指导老师：摘 要托马斯.哈代的小说德伯家的苔丝是英国以及世界文学史上的经典之作。本文主要通过女性生态主义的角度来理解和分析这篇小说。生态女性主义者认为，自然与女性是人类生存和发展的本源，二者均与男性相对立，而且都是资本主义工业化经济扩张过程中的受害者。在小说中，苔丝作为哈代塑造的一位女性，身处在英国工业大肆向农村扩张的时期，同时被男性所欺凌和压迫。同时，她身边的自然环境和生产方式的改变也体现着以男性为中心的社会对于自然界的扩张和侵犯。因此，本文将通过生态女性主义的角度来分析德伯家的苔丝。通过生态女性主义的

2、视角分析哈代的自然观、妇女观在作品中的体现和其作品中反映的苔丝与自然的亲密关系以及在男权社会中女权主义的崛起，能给读者以一个新的角度来重新理解这部作品，与此同时，能够对生态女性主义及其发展有很好的了解。关键词：生态女性主义；自然；工业化；男权社会Analysis of Tess of the Durbervilles in the Light of EcofeminismAbstractThomas Hardys novel Tess of the Durbervilles is a great classic work in England as well as in the world.

3、This thesis will analysis Tess of the Durbervilles in the light of ecofeminism. Ecofeminists argues that nature and feminist are the origin of human beings existence and development ,the two are incompatible to men .Moreover, are the victims in the process of capitalistic industrialization and expan

4、sive male intrusion. In the novel ,Tess is a heroine created by Hardy, who was set to live in the times of industrialization approach to rural area., and bullied and oppressed by masculine. Besides ,the nature surrounding her and the modify of production style also can reflect the expansion as well

5、as the invasion endowed by male centered world .Therefore ,this thesis will read Tess of the Durbervilles by angel of ecofeminism. ThroughAnalysis of Hardys view of nature and women in the light of ecofeminism as well as Tesss close relationship with nature and the emergency of feminism among male c

6、hauvinism, which will give reader a new angel to understand the novel. Meanwhile ,we can have a good understanding of ecofeminism . Key Words: Tess of the Durbervilles; Ecofeminism; Women; Nature; IndusrtilizationCONTENTS 1. 4What is new in my studyChapter 1 Introduction Literature is not only an ar

7、t but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literature work, scholars actually study history .Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have began to study the history of a countrys economic, political, culture and environment forms from the perspective of literature because through different

8、kinds of literary works , we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger ,sorrow .The feature of literature isvarious, one of which is tragedy. In the tragedy , it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage ,made themselves in dishonor ,experience hardness

9、. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life. “Tess of the Durbervilles “is one of the Hardys tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writers real society system and morals. So studying this novel can help us t

10、o know about the system and concept of that time. There are many different approaches from various ways to analysis the novel. This essay mainly study the Tess in the light of ecofeminism, which concerns both feminism and ecology principle.First of all , it will review other peoples understanding of

11、 the novel Tess of the Durbervilles.Then it will demonstrates the origination and development as well as the trend it goes. The chapter three will get to the point ,that is apply the theory ecofeminism to the detail .All the analyses of Tess of the Durbervilles are hoped to enable us to see the rela

12、tionship between women and nature as well as man.Ecofeminism has been admitted to an important theory of literature, though the term ecofeminism has only been in use for a relatively short time. Therefore, analysising Tess of the Durbervilles. with ecofeminism approach is comparatively young.1.1 The

13、 writing background Thomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages，which was an age of great change and many difficulties. Victorian novels were full of sensibilities and were tended to be idealized portraits of difficult lives in which hard work, perseverance, love and luck win o

14、ut in the end; virtue would be rewarded and sinners are suitably punished. They tended to be of an improving nature with a central moral lesson at heart. While this formula was the basis for much of earlier Victorian fiction, the situation became more complex as the century progressed. It was also a

15、n age of realism rather than of romanticism. Realism tries to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are .Victorian literature ,in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novelrealistic, thickly plotted, crow

16、ded with characters, and long article. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age with a high place in Western literature which came from the turbulence of life and deterministic of human being .His tragedies in the history of Western literature were not an accident for the tragedy consciousness. T

17、he tragedy consciousness in Hardys novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society .And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say ,the heroes or heroines

18、would lead to the tragic road of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not .Tragedy mostly was their final arrangement. Thomas Hardys novels are deeply influenced by Greek tragedies and Shakspearean tragedies .And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauers tragedy cons

19、ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy and life was filled with desire .Schopenhauer divided tragedy into three types :the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstand

20、ing and distrust between persons in everyday life. He believed that the last tragedy was most terrible one which we can see in Hardys works .Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s.In the late 1890s,he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition perio

21、d from laisser faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this period could not be changed .But Hardys works exactly clashed with it ,which reflected the tremendous changes of society because of the invasion of industrial capital to the village .He had exposed

22、the mask of British society which can reflect in the novel Tess of the Dubervilles.1.2 The Main Content of Tess of the DurbervillesTess of the Dubervilles came into a conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other novels, r

23、ural life is a prominent issue in the story .And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells that a village girl called Tess who was very beautiful ,pure, plain ,honest ,but went through a miserable life .She was born in a poor family with much conc

24、ern to her family .Her father who drank too much and came to understand that the Durbeyfield family could very well be the descendents of a royal family. So her parents sent her to the Durberville mansion to work and marry a wealthy man .Its there that she was raped by the Alec, the son of the Durbe

25、rvilles and pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long .Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped .Despite this ,finally ,this kindhearted and sincere girl decided

26、 to tell him this bad thing .However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by Alec .Angle could not forget her for having another mans child .Therefore ,Angel abandoned Tess. Alec returned into her life as a “preacher”. At first ,Tess didnt accept him for the past evils .After her fathers

27、 death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, soon were evicted from their cottage. She deeply believed that Angel would never come back as Alec said. Tess knew her family would live better by accepting Alecs wealth and property But to her surprised ,Angel returned

28、 from brazil, repenting his harshness, but only to find that Tess living with Alec. Tess killed Alec in desperation. At last she was arrested and hanged.1.3 Literature Review As for Tess of the Durbervilles, different approaches are available after it published.Gose,Jr,ElliottB, in 1963 for the firs

29、t time adopt a Darwinism to analysis Tess of the Durberville in his book Psychic Evolution : Darwinism and Initiation in Tess of the Durbervilles, He holds that the blood imagery in Tess is mainly due to the ritual initiation. Gose also argues that Tess struggles for psychic evolution , but is force

30、d to revert into retrogressive primitive behavior. According to anthropology, primitive ritual to some extent is that man attempts to control nature. In1966, critic Kettle argues that macrocosmic social and economic forces are the determiners of plot in this novel. Changes brought about by moderniza

31、tion -the decline of “haling” with the rise of new methods of goods distribution and the movement of the population from rural to urban areas -bring hardship upon the Durbeyfields and lead Tess to Alec Durberville.As one of early reviewers of Tess of the Durbervilles ,Johnson ,Lionel ,British writer

32、 and critic ,he complains that Hardy does not make clear who is to blame (nature, god, or society).Johnson objects to Hardys tendencies to deny the power of conscience in man ,to underemphasize the weight of human history and civilization and to place man upon the level of other animals. In his opinion, Tess is equal to an animal with a “darkling conscience”, whose unhappiness is the result of a “vague sense of social misdemeanor, rather from rationality.In 1999,Ellen Rooney studied Tess of the Durbervilles with a feminist perspective which addresses a few key conflicts in the st