语言学练习.docx

语言学练习.docx

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语言学练习

Chapter1&2

I.MultipleChoices

1.  Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentatsomepointintimeisgenerallytermedas___________linguistics.

A.comparativeB.applied

C.synchronicD.diachronic

2.  N.Chomskyisafamous_____________linguist.

A.AmericanB.British

C.GreekD.Swiss

3.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_________.

  A.prescriptive                    B.descriptive     

  C.subjective                     D.Latin-based

4.  Inthefollowingsounds___________isavoicelessfrictive.

A.[d]B.[l]C.[f]D.[w]

5.Whichofthefollowingsoundsisavoicedbilabialstop?

A.[p]B.[m]C.[b]D.[t]

6.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

A.bangB.photoC.typewriterD.rumble

7.  InEnglish,“pill”and“bill”are___________.

A.aphonemiccontrastB.complementarydistribution

C.assimilationDaminimalpair

8.Whichofthefollowingisaminimalpair?

（）

A./\'\'aiiSo//\'\'i:

iSo/B./pen//hen/C./pet//bit/D./fi:

l//li:

v/

II.Fillintheblanks

1.   Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed__________.

2.   Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisad_________study.

3.   SimilartoSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleisthedistinctionbetweenc________andperformancebythelinguistN.Chomsky.

4.   Languageisc________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsuses.

5.   TheEnglishsounds[m],[n]and[]arecalledn_______consonants.

6.  Languageisasystemofa____________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

7.  AccordingtotheSwisslinguistF.deSaussure,p___________referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.

8.  Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabelleda____________phonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.

III.Trueorfalse

1.   Competenceandperformancemean,toN.Chomsky,muchthesamething.

2.  Thebasicdifferencebetweenavowelandaconsonantisthatinthepronunciationoftheformeritischaracterizedbytheabsenceofobstructionoftheairstreamanditdoesnothaveaplaceofarticulationinthesamesenseasaconsonant.

3.Phonologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesentencepatternsofalanguage.

4.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledbroadtranscription. 

5.Allthephonesincomplementarydistributionareconsideredtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme.

6.Assimilationisoftenusedsynonymouslywithcoarticulaton.

7.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesarestress,tone,andintonation.

Chapter3：

Morphology

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.

3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.

4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.

5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:

rootsandaffixes.

6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.

7.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.

8.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.

II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

1.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageingrammar.

2.Theaffix“-ish”inthewordboyishconveysal____meaning.

3.B___________morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

4.Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalaffixesandd__________affixes.

5.D________affixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.

6.As______isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.

7.C__________isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

8.Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewwordarecalledm___________rules.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

1. Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa（n）______.

A.boundmorphemeB.boundform

C.inflectionalmorphemeD.freemorpheme

2.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof__________.

         A.thefirstelement

B.thesecondelement

          C.eitherthefirstorthesecondelement

           D.boththefirstandthesecondelements.

3._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

A.FreemorphemesB.Boundmorphemes

C.BoundwordsD.Words

4._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

A.SyntaxB.Grammar

C.MorphologyD.Morpheme

5. Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.

A.lexicalB.morphemic

C.grammaticalD.semantic

6. Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.

A.    havetobeusedindependently

B.  cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemes

C. caneitherbefreeorbound

D. havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes.

7. ____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.

A.PrefixesB.Suffixes

C.RootsD.Affixes

8. _________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.

A.WordsB.Morphemes

C.PhonemesD.Sentences

9. “-s”intheword“books”is_______.

A.aderivativeaffixB.astem

C.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot

Chapter4：

Syntax

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Syntaxisasub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.

2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.

3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.

4.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

5.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.

6.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.

7.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.

8.TherearethreetensesinEnglish,i.e.presenttense,pasttenseandfuturetense.

9.Theclassofsignswhichareinparadigmaticrelationaresometimescalledstructure.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

1. As______isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.

2.As______maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.

3.Therelationbetweenasentenceanditscomponentelements,isgenerallyreferredtoastherelationbetweenac________anditsc________,inwhichaveryimportantnotionisimmediateconstituentanalysis.

III.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

1. Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.rightB.wrong

C.grammaticalD.ungrammatical

2.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.

A.recursiveB.grammatical

C.socialD.functional

3.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.

A. howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.  whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C. howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D. Alloftheabove.

4.Thesentencestructureis________.

A.onlylinearB.Onlyhierarchical

C.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical 

5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.

A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite 

Chapter5Semantics

I.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.

1.Therelationshipbetween“human/body”and“face/nose”ishyponymy.

2.Onemeritofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofcertainwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.

3.   TheBritishEnglishword“autumn”andtheAmericanEnglishword“fall”arecalledstylisticsynonyms.

4.Conceptualistsmaintainthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenlinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.ThisviewcanbeseenbytheSemantictriangle.

5.   Therelationbetweenthewords“male”and“female”isgradableantonyms.

6.  Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

1.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

2.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.

3.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswit