语言学练习.docx

1、语言学练习Chapter 1 & 2I. Multiple Choices1. The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as _ linguistics. A. comparative B. applied C. synchronic D. diachronic 2. N. Chomsky is a famous _ linguist. A. American B. British C. Greek D. Swiss 3. Modern linguistics differs fro

2、m traditional grammar for it is mostly _.A.prescriptive B.descriptiveC. subjective D. Latin-based4. In the following sounds _ is a voiceless frictive. A. d B.l C. f D. w 5. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop? A. p B. m C. b D. t 6.Which of the following words is entirely arbitra

3、ry? A. bang B. photo C. typewriter D. rumble 7. In English, “pill” and “bill” are _. A. a phonemic contrast B. complementary distribution C. assimilation D a minimal pair 8. Which of the following is a minimal pair? ( )A./aiiSo/ /i:iSo/ B. /pen/ /hen/ C. /pet/ /bit/ D./fi:l/ /li:v/II. Fill in the bl

4、anks 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d_. 2. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_ study. 3. Similar to Saussures distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between c_ and performance by the li

5、nguist N. Chomsky. 4. Language is c_ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its uses. 5. The English sounds m,n and are called n_ consonants. 6. Language is a system of a _ vocal symbols used for human communication.7. According to the Swiss linguist F. de Sa

6、ussure, p_ refers to the realization of language in actual use.8. The three branches of phonetics are labelled a_ phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.III. True or false1. Competence and performance mean, to N. Chomsky, much the same thing.2. The basic difference between

7、 a vowel and a consonant is that in the pronunciation of the former it is characterized by the absence of obstruction of the airstream and it does not have a place of articulation in the same sense as a consonant.3. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a langua

8、ge.4. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called broad transcription. 5. All the phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme.6. Assimilation is often used synonymously with coarticulaton.7. The principal

9、suprasegmental features are stress, tone, and intonation.Chapter 3：MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 3. J

10、ust as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes man

11、ifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.8. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receiv

12、es secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. M _ is the smallest meaningful unit of language in grammar. 2. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a l_ meaning. 3. B_ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be co

13、mbined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.4. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d_ affixes.5. D_ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.6. A s_ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its pa

14、rt of speech.7. C_ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.8. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m_ rules.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete

15、 the statement: 1. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 2. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _. A. the first element B. the second element C. eithe

16、r the first or the second element D. both the first and the second elements. 3. _ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Bound words D. Words4. _ is a branch of grammar wh

17、ich studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. Syntax B.GrammarC. Morphology D. Morpheme5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 6. Bound morphemes are those that _. A. have to be used indepen

18、dentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemes C. can either be free or bound D. have to be combined with other morphemes. 7. _ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes 8. _ are often thought to

19、be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences 9. “-s” in the word “books” is _. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root Chapter 4：SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. S

20、yntax is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words. 2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. 3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one a

21、dding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 5. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without lo

22、ss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.6. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.7. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.8.

23、There are three tenses in English, i. e. present tense, past tense and future tense.9. The class of signs which are in paradigmatic relation are sometimes called structure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1.A s_ is a structurally independent

24、unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 2. A s_ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.3. The relation between a sentence and its component elements, is generally referred to as the relation between a

25、c_ and its c_, in which a very important notion is immediate constituent analysis.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 1. A sentence is considered _ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of nativ

26、e speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical 2. Phrase structure rules have _ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 3. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of

27、 strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above. 4. The sentence structure is _. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 5. The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite

28、 Chapter 5 SemanticsI. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The relationship between “human/body” and “face/nose” is hyponymy.2. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are re

29、lated in meaning.3. The British English word “autumn” and the American English word “fall” are called stylistic synonyms. 4. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between linguistic form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle.5. The relation between the

30、words “male” and “female” is gradable antonyms. 6. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. S_ can be defined as the study of meaning. 2. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 3. R_ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals wit