中英对照中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书.docx
《中英对照中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《中英对照中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书.docx(38页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![中英对照中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-1/6/ca086b4e-4563-4bc5-8f31-2c7294efe8a1/ca086b4e-4563-4bc5-8f31-2c7294efe8a11.gif)
中英对照中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书
China'sPoliciesandActionsforAddressingClimateChange
InformationOfficeoftheStateCouncilThePeople'sRepublicofChina
November2011,Beijing
Contents
Foreword
I.MitigatingClimateChange
II.AdaptingtoClimateChange
III.EnhancingBasicCapability
IV.ParticipationoftheWholeSociety
V.ParticipationinInternationalNegotiations
VI.StrengtheningInternationalCooperation
VII.Objectives,PoliciesandActionsduringthe12thFive-YearPlanPeriod
VIII.China'sBasicPositioninInternationalClimateChangeNegotiations
ConcludingRemarks
Foreword
Climatechangeisaglobalissueofcommonconcerntotheinternationalcommunity.Inrecentyears,worldwideheatwaves,droughts,floodsandotherextremeclimateeventshaveoccurredfrequently,makingtheimpactofclimatechangeincreasinglyprominent.Ithasbecomeamainworldtrendthatallcountriesjoinhandstorespondtoclimatechangeandpromotegreenandlow-carbondevelopment.
Chinaistheworld'slargestdevelopingcountry,withalargepopulation,insufficientenergyresources,complexclimateandfragileeco-environment.Ithasnotyetcompletedthehistoricaltaskofindustrializationandurbanizationanditsdevelopmentisunbalanced.China'sper-capitaGDPin2010wasonlyalittlemorethanRMB29,000.BytheUNstandardforpoverty,Chinastillhasapoverty-strickenpopulationofover100million,thusitfacesanextremelyarduoustaskindevelopingitseconomy,eliminatingpovertyandimprovingthepeople'slivelihood.Inthemeantime,Chinaisoneofthecountriesmostvulnerabletotheadverseeffectsofclimatechange.ClimatechangegeneratesmanynegativeeffectsonChina'seconomicandsocialdevelopment,posingamajorchallengetothecountry'ssustainabledevelopment.
TheChinesegovernmentconstantlysetsgreatstorebytheissueofclimatechangeandhasincludedaddressingclimatechangeintoitsmid-andlong-termplanningforeconomicandsocialdevelopmentasamajorissueconcerningitsoveralleconomicandsocialdevelopment.In2006,Chinasetforththecompulsivegoalofreducingitsper-unitGDPenergyconsumptionin2010by20percentfromthatof2005.In2007,Chinabecamethefirstdevelopingcountrytoformulateandimplementanationalprogramtoaddressclimatechange.In2009,Chinaputforwardthegoalofactiontoreducetheper-unitGDPgreenhousegasemissionin2020by40-45percentascomparedtothatof2005.
Toaccomplishtheabovegoals,ChinaadoptedarangeofmajorpolicymeasurestomitigateandadapttoclimatechangeduringtheEleventhFive-YearPlan(2006-2010)period,andhasachievedremarkableresults.TheOutlineoftheTwelfthFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentreleasedin2011establishedthepolicyorientationofpromotinggreenandlow-carbondevelopment,andexpresslysetouttheobjectivesandtasksofaddressingclimatechangeforthenextfiveyears.Chinahasbeenplayingaconstructiveroleininternationalnegotiationsonclimatechange,activelypushingforwardthenegotiationprocess,therebymakingasignificantcontributiontoaddressingglobalclimatechange.ThiswhitepaperisherebyissuedtoenabletheinternationalcommunitytofullyunderstandChina'spoliciesandactionsforaddressingclimatechange,andthepositiveresultsachievedinthisregardduringtheEleventhFive-YearPlanperiod,aswellasChina'soverallarrangementstoaddressclimatechangeanditsrelatednegotiatingpositionduringtheTwelfthFive-YearPlanperiod(2011-2015).
I.MitigatingClimateChange
DuringtheEleventhFive-YearPlanperiod,Chinaacceleratedthetransformationofitseconomicdevelopmentmode,andachievedremarkableresultsincontrollinggreenhousegasemissionbypromotingindustrialrestructuring,energyrestructuringandenergyconservation,improvingenergyefficiency,andincreasingcarbonsink.
1.OptimizingIndustrialStructure
Reformingandupgradingtraditionalindustries.Chinahasformulatedandreleasedplansforrestructuringandrejuvenatingtenmajorindustries,includingautomobiles,andironandsteel,revisedtheGuidelineCatalogueforIndustrialRestructuring,andissuedtheOpinionsonCurbingOvercapacityandRedundantConstructioninSomeIndustriesandGuidingtheSoundDevelopmentofIndustries.Chinahasraisedthemarketentrythresholdforhigh-energy-consumingindustries,conductedenergyconservationevaluationandexaminationoffixedassetinvestmentprojects,enhancedtechnologytransformationandupgradingintraditionalindustries,promotedcorporatemergerandrestructuring,adjustedexporttaxrebatepolicies,imposedexportdutiesoncoal,somenonferrousmetals,steelbilletsandchemicalfertilizers,andrestrainedtheexportofhigh-energy-consuming,high-emissionandhigh-resource-consumingproducts.Effortshavebeenmadetoacceleratethepaceofeliminatingbackwardproductioncapacity.Byimplementingthepolicyof"replacingsmallthermalpowergeneratingunitswithlargerones,"Chinashutdownsmallthermalpowergeneratingunitswithatotalgeneratingcapacityof76.82millionkw,andeliminatedbackwardsteelproductioncapacitytothetuneof72milliontons;ironproductioncapacity,120milliontons;cementproductioncapacity,370milliontons;cokeproductioncapacity,107milliontons;paperproductioncapacity,11.3milliontons;andglassproductioncapacity,45millioncases.Theproportionofthermalpowergeneratingunitswithagenerationcapacityabove300,000kweachinChina'sthermalpowerinstalledcapacityincreasedfrom47percentin2005to71percentin2010;theproportionoflargeironproductionblastfurnaceswithancapacityabove1,000cumeachincreasedfrom48percentto61percent;andtheproportionoftheoutputoflargealuminumelectrolysisprebakingtanksincreasedfrom80percenttoabove90percent.Theindustryconcentrationintheiron,steel,cement,nonferrousmetals,machineryandautomobilesectorsamongotherkeyindustrieswasremarkablyimproved,whileenergyconsumptioninmajorindustrieswasdramaticallyreduced.From2005to2010,coalconsumptioninthermalpowersupplydropped10percentfrom370to333g/kwh;comprehensiveenergyconsumptionpertonofsteeldecreased12.8percentfrom694to605kgofstandardcoal;thatincementproduction,downby24.6percent;thatofethyleneproduction,downby11.6percent;andthatofsyntheticammoniaproduction,14.3percent.
Fosteringandstrengtheningstrategicandnewlyemergingindustries.ChinahasissuedtheDecisiononAcceleratingtheFosteringandDevelopmentofStrategicandNewlyEmergingIndustries,whichdefinestheoverallprinciples,keytasksandpolicymeasuresforfosteringanddevelopingstrategicandnewlyemergingindustries.TheChinesegovernmenthasselectedkeyfieldsoftheseindustries,implementedanumberofmajorprojectsandbuiltarangeofrelatedprograms.Chinahasacceleratedthepaceofbuildinganationalinnovationsystem,implementedknowledge-andtechnology-innovationprojects,andintensifiedeffortsontacklingkeytechnologicalproblems.Thegovernmenthasinitiatedaventurecapitalinvestmentprograminnewlyemergingindustries,established20venturecapitalinvestmentfunds,andsupportedthegrowthofinnovativeenterprisesinenergyconservation,environmentalprotection,newenergydevelopmentandothersectorsinstrategicnewindustries.In2010,theoutputvalueofChina'shigh-techmanufacturingindustriesreachedRMB7.6trillion,rankingthesecondintheworld,andmorethantwicethefigurefor2005.
Acceleratingthedevelopmentoftheserviceindustry.ChinahasformulatedandimplementedtheOpinionsConcerningAcceleratingtheDevelopmentoftheServiceIndustry,OpinionsontheImplementationofSomePoliciesandMeasuresforAcceleratingtheDevelopmentoftheServiceIndustry,andotherimportantdocuments,vigorouslypromotingthedevelopmentofproduction-andlife-relatedservicetrades.ThegovernmenthasalsoissuedtheGuidelinesforAcceleratingtheDevelopmentofHigh-techServiceIndustry.From2005to2010,theaddedvalueofChina'sservicesectorincreased11.9percentperyearonaverage,withanaverageannualgrowthrateof0.7ofapercentagepointhigherthanthatofGDP,andwithitsproportioninGDPrisingfrom40.3percentto43percent.
2.EnergyConservation
Enhancingtargetresponsibilityassessment.Chinahasresolvedandassignedresponsibilitiestofulfillsettargetsinenergyconservation,andestablishedastatisticalmonitoringandevaluationsystemtoregularlyevaluatethecompletionofenergyconservationtargetsandtheimplementationofenergyconservationmeasuresby31provincialgovernmentsand1,000keyenterprises.In2010,Chinalaunchedspecialsupervisionoverenergyconservationandemissionreductionin18keyregions.Stricttargetresponsibilityevaluationandaccountabilitycontributedtoachievingthenationalenergyconservationtargets.
Promotingenergyconservationinkeyfields.TheChinesegovernmenthascarriedouttenkeyenergyconservationprojects,includingupgradingofindustrialboilersandkilns,combinedheatandpowergeneration,electromechanicalsystemenergyconservationandresidualheatandpressureutilization,conductedenergyconservationin1,000enterprises,enhancedenergyconservationmanagementofkeyenergy-consumingenterprises,andpromotedenergyauditandenergyefficiencybenchmarkingactivities.Ithaslaunchedthelow-carbontransportationactionforautomobiles,ships,roadsandharborsin1,000enterprises,vigorouslydevelopedurbanpublictransport.Ithasalsoimprovedtheimplementationrateofmandatoryenergyconservationstandardsofnewbuildings,quickenedtheenergyconserv