中英对照中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书.docx

中英对照中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书.docx

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中英对照中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书

China'sPoliciesandActionsforAddressingClimateChange

InformationOfficeoftheStateCouncilThePeople'sRepublicofChina

November2011,Beijing

Contents

Foreword

I.MitigatingClimateChange

II.AdaptingtoClimateChange

III.EnhancingBasicCapability

IV.ParticipationoftheWholeSociety

V.ParticipationinInternationalNegotiations

VI.StrengtheningInternationalCooperation

VII.Objectives,PoliciesandActionsduringthe12thFive-YearPlanPeriod

VIII.China'sBasicPositioninInternationalClimateChangeNegotiations

ConcludingRemarks

Foreword

Climatechangeisaglobalissueofcommonconcerntotheinternationalcommunity.Inrecentyears,worldwideheatwaves,droughts,floodsandotherextremeclimateeventshaveoccurredfrequently,makingtheimpactofclimatechangeincreasinglyprominent.Ithasbecomeamainworldtrendthatallcountriesjoinhandstorespondtoclimatechangeandpromotegreenandlow-carbondevelopment.

Chinaistheworld'slargestdevelopingcountry,withalargepopulation,insufficientenergyresources,complexclimateandfragileeco-environment.Ithasnotyetcompletedthehistoricaltaskofindustrializationandurbanizationanditsdevelopmentisunbalanced.China'sper-capitaGDPin2010wasonlyalittlemorethanRMB29,000.BytheUNstandardforpoverty,Chinastillhasapoverty-strickenpopulationofover100million,thusitfacesanextremelyarduoustaskindevelopingitseconomy,eliminatingpovertyandimprovingthepeople'slivelihood.Inthemeantime,Chinaisoneofthecountriesmostvulnerabletotheadverseeffectsofclimatechange.ClimatechangegeneratesmanynegativeeffectsonChina'seconomicandsocialdevelopment,posingamajorchallengetothecountry'ssustainabledevelopment.

TheChinesegovernmentconstantlysetsgreatstorebytheissueofclimatechangeandhasincludedaddressingclimatechangeintoitsmid-andlong-termplanningforeconomicandsocialdevelopmentasamajorissueconcerningitsoveralleconomicandsocialdevelopment.In2006,Chinasetforththecompulsivegoalofreducingitsper-unitGDPenergyconsumptionin2010by20percentfromthatof2005.In2007,Chinabecamethefirstdevelopingcountrytoformulateandimplementanationalprogramtoaddressclimatechange.In2009,Chinaputforwardthegoalofactiontoreducetheper-unitGDPgreenhousegasemissionin2020by40-45percentascomparedtothatof2005.

Toaccomplishtheabovegoals,ChinaadoptedarangeofmajorpolicymeasurestomitigateandadapttoclimatechangeduringtheEleventhFive-YearPlan（2006-2010）period,andhasachievedremarkableresults.TheOutlineoftheTwelfthFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentreleasedin2011establishedthepolicyorientationofpromotinggreenandlow-carbondevelopment,andexpresslysetouttheobjectivesandtasksofaddressingclimatechangeforthenextfiveyears.Chinahasbeenplayingaconstructiveroleininternationalnegotiationsonclimatechange,activelypushingforwardthenegotiationprocess,therebymakingasignificantcontributiontoaddressingglobalclimatechange.ThiswhitepaperisherebyissuedtoenabletheinternationalcommunitytofullyunderstandChina'spoliciesandactionsforaddressingclimatechange,andthepositiveresultsachievedinthisregardduringtheEleventhFive-YearPlanperiod,aswellasChina'soverallarrangementstoaddressclimatechangeanditsrelatednegotiatingpositionduringtheTwelfthFive-YearPlanperiod（2011-2015）.

I.MitigatingClimateChange

DuringtheEleventhFive-YearPlanperiod,Chinaacceleratedthetransformationofitseconomicdevelopmentmode,andachievedremarkableresultsincontrollinggreenhousegasemissionbypromotingindustrialrestructuring,energyrestructuringandenergyconservation,improvingenergyefficiency,andincreasingcarbonsink.

1.OptimizingIndustrialStructure

Reformingandupgradingtraditionalindustries.Chinahasformulatedandreleasedplansforrestructuringandrejuvenatingtenmajorindustries,includingautomobiles,andironandsteel,revisedtheGuidelineCatalogueforIndustrialRestructuring,andissuedtheOpinionsonCurbingOvercapacityandRedundantConstructioninSomeIndustriesandGuidingtheSoundDevelopmentofIndustries.Chinahasraisedthemarketentrythresholdforhigh-energy-consumingindustries,conductedenergyconservationevaluationandexaminationoffixedassetinvestmentprojects,enhancedtechnologytransformationandupgradingintraditionalindustries,promotedcorporatemergerandrestructuring,adjustedexporttaxrebatepolicies,imposedexportdutiesoncoal,somenonferrousmetals,steelbilletsandchemicalfertilizers,andrestrainedtheexportofhigh-energy-consuming,high-emissionandhigh-resource-consumingproducts.Effortshavebeenmadetoacceleratethepaceofeliminatingbackwardproductioncapacity.Byimplementingthepolicyof"replacingsmallthermalpowergeneratingunitswithlargerones,"Chinashutdownsmallthermalpowergeneratingunitswithatotalgeneratingcapacityof76.82millionkw,andeliminatedbackwardsteelproductioncapacitytothetuneof72milliontons;ironproductioncapacity,120milliontons;cementproductioncapacity,370milliontons;cokeproductioncapacity,107milliontons;paperproductioncapacity,11.3milliontons;andglassproductioncapacity,45millioncases.Theproportionofthermalpowergeneratingunitswithagenerationcapacityabove300,000kweachinChina'sthermalpowerinstalledcapacityincreasedfrom47percentin2005to71percentin2010;theproportionoflargeironproductionblastfurnaceswithancapacityabove1,000cumeachincreasedfrom48percentto61percent;andtheproportionoftheoutputoflargealuminumelectrolysisprebakingtanksincreasedfrom80percenttoabove90percent.Theindustryconcentrationintheiron,steel,cement,nonferrousmetals,machineryandautomobilesectorsamongotherkeyindustrieswasremarkablyimproved,whileenergyconsumptioninmajorindustrieswasdramaticallyreduced.From2005to2010,coalconsumptioninthermalpowersupplydropped10percentfrom370to333g/kwh;comprehensiveenergyconsumptionpertonofsteeldecreased12.8percentfrom694to605kgofstandardcoal;thatincementproduction,downby24.6percent;thatofethyleneproduction,downby11.6percent;andthatofsyntheticammoniaproduction,14.3percent.

Fosteringandstrengtheningstrategicandnewlyemergingindustries.ChinahasissuedtheDecisiononAcceleratingtheFosteringandDevelopmentofStrategicandNewlyEmergingIndustries,whichdefinestheoverallprinciples,keytasksandpolicymeasuresforfosteringanddevelopingstrategicandnewlyemergingindustries.TheChinesegovernmenthasselectedkeyfieldsoftheseindustries,implementedanumberofmajorprojectsandbuiltarangeofrelatedprograms.Chinahasacceleratedthepaceofbuildinganationalinnovationsystem,implementedknowledge-andtechnology-innovationprojects,andintensifiedeffortsontacklingkeytechnologicalproblems.Thegovernmenthasinitiatedaventurecapitalinvestmentprograminnewlyemergingindustries,established20venturecapitalinvestmentfunds,andsupportedthegrowthofinnovativeenterprisesinenergyconservation,environmentalprotection,newenergydevelopmentandothersectorsinstrategicnewindustries.In2010,theoutputvalueofChina'shigh-techmanufacturingindustriesreachedRMB7.6trillion,rankingthesecondintheworld,andmorethantwicethefigurefor2005.

Acceleratingthedevelopmentoftheserviceindustry.ChinahasformulatedandimplementedtheOpinionsConcerningAcceleratingtheDevelopmentoftheServiceIndustry,OpinionsontheImplementationofSomePoliciesandMeasuresforAcceleratingtheDevelopmentoftheServiceIndustry,andotherimportantdocuments,vigorouslypromotingthedevelopmentofproduction-andlife-relatedservicetrades.ThegovernmenthasalsoissuedtheGuidelinesforAcceleratingtheDevelopmentofHigh-techServiceIndustry.From2005to2010,theaddedvalueofChina'sservicesectorincreased11.9percentperyearonaverage,withanaverageannualgrowthrateof0.7ofapercentagepointhigherthanthatofGDP,andwithitsproportioninGDPrisingfrom40.3percentto43percent.

2.EnergyConservation

Enhancingtargetresponsibilityassessment.Chinahasresolvedandassignedresponsibilitiestofulfillsettargetsinenergyconservation,andestablishedastatisticalmonitoringandevaluationsystemtoregularlyevaluatethecompletionofenergyconservationtargetsandtheimplementationofenergyconservationmeasuresby31provincialgovernmentsand1,000keyenterprises.In2010,Chinalaunchedspecialsupervisionoverenergyconservationandemissionreductionin18keyregions.Stricttargetresponsibilityevaluationandaccountabilitycontributedtoachievingthenationalenergyconservationtargets.

Promotingenergyconservationinkeyfields.TheChinesegovernmenthascarriedouttenkeyenergyconservationprojects,includingupgradingofindustrialboilersandkilns,combinedheatandpowergeneration,electromechanicalsystemenergyconservationandresidualheatandpressureutilization,conductedenergyconservationin1,000enterprises,enhancedenergyconservationmanagementofkeyenergy-consumingenterprises,andpromotedenergyauditandenergyefficiencybenchmarkingactivities.Ithaslaunchedthelow-carbontransportationactionforautomobiles,ships,roadsandharborsin1,000enterprises,vigorouslydevelopedurbanpublictransport.Ithasalsoimprovedtheimplementationrateofmandatoryenergyconservationstandardsofnewbuildings,quickenedtheenergyconserv