洋博士标准.docx

洋博士标准.docx

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洋博士标准

《STANDARDSFORTHEPh.D.DEGREEINTHEMOLECULARBIOSCIENCES》

RecommendationsoftheCommitteeonEducationofTheInternationalUnionofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology（TheseStandardsandRecommendationsarefreeofcopyrightPrintedinCanada）

I.Preface

II.Rationale

III.ThePh.D.DegreeintheMolecularBiosciences

IV.Standards

1）KnowledgeofMolecularBioscience2）FamiliaritywiththeLiterature3）RecognitionofMeaningfulQuestions

4）TechnicalSkills5）CommunicationSkills6）DesigningProtocolsandConductingResearch

.IntegrityinScience

.RoleofFormalGraduateCourses

VII.ResponsibilitiesofthePrincipalSupervisor

VIII.ResponsibilitiesofAcademicsOtherThanthePrincipalSupervisor

IX.ResponsibilitiesoftheCandidate

X.FundingofDoctoralTraining

XI.DurationofDoctoralTraining

XII.DoctoralThesis

XIII.ConcludingRemarks

XIV.Consultants

I.PREFACE

BiologicalSciencehasbeenchangingatastunningpacewithunprecedentedgrowth,deepeningofknowledgeandproliferationofmethodsofinvestigation.Atthesametimeinterdisciplinarityhasbecomecommonplaceandevenessentialasthebarriersbetweenthetraditionalbiosciencesdisappear.Biochemistryandmolecularbiology,cellbiology,structuralbiology,developmentalbiology,genetics,immunology,microbiology,neurobiology,nutrition,physiology,pharmacology,andmolecularmedicinenowspeakthesamescientificlanguageandusethesamemoleculartools.Itisnotunusualforelementsofthesemolecularbiosciencestobecombinedinasingledoctoralthesis.Besides,informationalsciencehasmadepossiblethebirthofgenomics,whileinteresthasbeenmovingfrommoleculestomechanismsandtowholeorganisms,fromafocusonindividualcomponentstobiologicalsystems.

In1989theCommitteeonEducationoftheInternationalUnionofBiochemistrypublisheditsStandardsforthePh.D.DegreeinBiochemistryandMolecularBiology.ThoseRecommendationswerepublishedin:

TrendsinBiochemicalSciences14,205-209,1989;BiochemicalEducation17

（2）,58-62,1989;andFASEBJournal3,2106-2110,1989.Some3000copiesofthedocumentandseveralhundredreprintsweredistributedthroughouttheworld.TheRecommendationswerealsotranslatedintoandpublishedinChineseandJapanese.Atleastoneinternationalscientificorganizationadaptedthem,andanotheradoptedthemwithminorchanges.ManyexpressedtheirapprovalandsubsequentlyseveralhaveinquirediftheRecommendationshavebeenrevised.

ThisdocumentcontainstherevisedRecommendations.Thedecisiontoreviseandextendthe1989Recommendationswasnottakenlightly.Itwasreaffirmedafteraverypositiveresponsewasobtainedtoaninvitationissuedtorespectedandexperiencedindividualsinmanycountriestohelpthewritingcommitteeinthistask.Therewasunanimousagreementintheirresponsesthatthe1989Recommendationsweresoundandalreadyquitegenericbyvirtueofbeingexpressedinbehavioralterms.Becauseofthisagreement,theformatandcontentofthe1989Recommendationshavebeenlargelyretainedsothatthisrevisionislessamatterofrewritingthanofmodificationandupdatingbasedonthecombinedexperienceoftheinternationalandinterdisciplinarypanelofconsultantsrecruitedtoassistinthisproject.

Threemembersofthepresentwritingcommitteewereheavilyinvolvedintheformulationandwritingofthe1989Recommendations.Afourthhadprovidedcomments.Inthiswaycontinuityhasbeenachieved.Themajorityofconsultantsforthisrevisionhadnotpreviouslybeeninvolved.

WethanktheExecutiveCommitteeofIUBMBfortheirvaluableassistanceandfinancialsupport;theCommitteeonEducationforentrustinguswiththisproject;allthosewhoactedasconsultantsbyofferingustheircommentsonandsuggestionsforrevisionofthe1989Recommendations;andDr.H.JamesSpooneroftheCollegeofMedicine,UniversityofSaskatchewan,Saskatoon,Canada,forexperteditorialassistance.FinalresponsibilityforthecontentsofthepresentRecommendationshowever,restsequallywiththosenamedbelow.    

II.RATIONALE

DuringthetwentiethcenturythepreparationofstudentstoconductresearchintheMolecularBioscienceshasgrownfromasmallbeginningtoamajorindustry,producingmorethan10,000Ph.D.speryear.Intheinitialdecadesthesmallnumberofinvestigatorswhowereresponsibleforthegrowthofthevariousfieldscomprisedacommunityofindividualsinformedabouteachother'sactivitiesandawareofthestatusofbioscienceresearchthroughoutthebioscienceworld.Atthattimeinstrumentsandtechniqueswererelativelysimple,therateofchangeinthevariousfieldswasrelativelyslowandthejudgementsoftheestablishedinvestigatorsaboutadvancingtheirapprenticestoindependenceweregenerallysimilar.However,asaresultofexplosivegrowthandfragmentationintosubspecialities,thethousandsofscientistsqualifiedtosuperviseprofessionaltrainingintheMolecularBiosciencesnowcompriseaheterogeneousgroup,andtheinformalmethodsofthepastnolongerservetomaintainsimilarstandardsamongnations,amonginstitutionswithinacountry,orevenwithinthesameinstitution.

BiochemistryandMolecularBiologyandtherelatedMolecularBiosciencesthatapplychemical,physical,andmolecularbiologicalmethodsandprinciplestothesolutionofbiologicalproblems（includingthoseofbiomedicalandagriculturalimportance）areamongthemostvigorousandproductiveareasofscientificdevelopment.However,whilealargenumberofinvestigatorshavecontinuedtodeveloptheintellectualandexperimentalaspectsofthesesciences,thereisanecdotalevidencethatPh.D.degreesarebeingawardedtoindividualswhoarepoorlypreparedtocontributetoscientificprogressortoapplysciencetopracticalproblems.Theprofessionmustrecognizechangesinitselfanditsenvironmentsoastoadaptandtomeetbetterthechallengesofafast-changingworld.Althoughprogressinscientificknowledgeandunderstandingdoesnotcomeequallyfromallmembersoftheprofession,mostofsocietyacceptsthatonePh.D.inaparticularbioscienceistheequivalentofanother.AlthoughmanyinstitutionsproducePh.D.graduatesofveryhighstandard,therearebiosciencedepartmentsthatdonotcontributesignificantlytotheinternationalliteratureyetawardPh.D.degrees.DepartmentsinwhichtheresearchcapabilityislowshouldbediscouragedfromofferingPh.D.programs.Similarly,formalcoursesshouldnotbeasubstituteforasignificantresearchprogram.Differencesincompetenceofindividualsappointedaspostdoctoralfellowsorjuniorfacultymembersaregreatenoughtoindicatetheneedforinternationalbioscienceorganizationstoformulateacceptablestandards.　

Amongthereasonsforthedifferencesinprofessionaltrainingisthediversityofeducationalsystemsinvariouscountriesandofattitudesandphilosophiesofinstitutionsandindividualprofessors.Thisleadstostudentsbeingpreparedinverydifferentwaystoenterprofessionalstudy.However,thePh.D.isrecognizedinternationallyasanawardforpublishedorpublishableoriginalresearchnormallyevaluatedonthebasisofathesis.Whateverthemethodsused,theendresultshouldbethesame:

aholderofaPh.D.inaMolecularBioscienceshouldhavetheknowledge,skills,perspectivesandunderstandingtobecapableofself-directedscientificworkofaqualitysatisfactorytoothersinthefield.AlthoughtheholderofaPh.D.isahighlyqualifiedprofessionalofmaturityandintelligencewhohasacquiredanalyticalandproblem-solvingskillsthatwilleventuallyallowhimorhertocarryoutindependentscientificwork,itiswellrecognizedthatmaturationintoafull-fledgedindependentscientistnormallyrequiresaperiodofpost-doctoralexperiencethatprovidesfurtherrefinementandspecifictrainingforthecareerofchoice.　

Theexperiencesthathavebroughtillustriousinvestigatorsintothebiomolecularscienceshavebeensovariedthatitwouldbepresumptuoustotrytodesignanidealprogramofeducationandtraining.Further,infieldsthatarestillevolvingrapidly,scientistslookingtothefuturemustnotbefetteredbyrestrictionsimposedbyothers.Therefore,ratherthanprescribingprocedurestobefollowed,thisdocumentemphasizesbehavioralabilitiesthatshouldbecharacteristicofthoseawardedaPh.D.degreeinaMolecularBioscience,suggestshowtheseabilitiesmaybeacquiredandsomemethodsbywhichprogresstowardattainingtheabilitiesmaybeassessed,andproposescriteriafortheoverallevaluationofcandidatesforthedegree.Theseguidelinesareintendedasanaidtouniversitydepartmentsandboardsofgraduatestudies,tonationalorganizationsthatsetstandardsforgraduateeducation,tothosescientistswhoserveasexternalexaminerstoevaluatetheses,andtocandidatesfordoctoraldegreesinthesesciences.　

Thisrevisioncomesatatimeofstrongcompetitioninresearchandincreasedindustrialsponsorshipofacademicresearch,forcesthatplaceemphasisontherapidpublicationofresults,onthedevelopmentofpracticalapplications,andonconfidentiality.Thesehavedecreasedthecontroloverpreparationofcandidatesatthedoctorallevelbyacademicandpublicly-fundedresearchinstitutionswhoseveryexistenceispredicatedontheproductionandtransferofknowledge.TheStandardsheredefinedareintendedtoemphasizequalityinthepreparationofdoctoralcandidatesforscholarshiporotherproductivecareersandtode-emphasizeover-specialization.

III.THEPh.D.DEGREEINTHEMOLECULARBIOSCIENCES

ThepurposeofaPh.D.programistoeducateandtraincompetent,reliable,andself-directed,researchscientistswhohaveastrongsenseofs