八年级四六级写作技法和策略.docx
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八年级四六级写作技法和策略
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四六级写作技法和策略
1．对应法
由于四六级写作都是提纲式写作，有时，我们可以采用对应法按照中文提纲分别写成三段。
如：
96年6月份考题：
提纲：
1）有人认为淡水是取之不尽的。
（雨水、河水、井水……）
2）实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。
（人口增加、工业用水增加）
3）我们应该怎么办？
GlobalShortageofFreshWater
Generally,peoplethinkthatfreshwaterisinexhaustible.Everyyearthereisenoughrain.Andthereisplentyoffreshwaterintheriversandlakes.What'smore,wehavealotofundergroundwater.
Actually,freshwaterisinashortsupply.Duetotherapidpopulationincrease,freshwaterconsumptionremainsgreat.Besides,withthedevelopmentofindustry,morewaterisneeded. Moreover,alotofourriversandlakeshavebeensopollutedthatwaterfromthemisundrinkable.
Wemusttakesomemeasurestosolvetheproblemofwatershortage.First,populationgrowthshouldbesloweddowntoreducefreshwaterdemand.Second,pollutionshouldbecontrolledtopurifyfreshwaterintheriversandlakes.Whatismostimportant,weshouldcherisheverydripofwaterinourdailylife.
再如：
95年1月份试题：
提纲：
1）有人认为钱是幸福之本（sourceofhappiness）
2）有人认为金钱是万恶之源（rootofevil）
3）我的看法。
Somethinkthatmoneyisthesourceofhappiness.Oncetheyhavemoney,theywillenjoyeverything.Theycanusethemoneytheyhavetobuy,abeautifulhouseorevenawife.
Someothersthinkthatmoneyistherootofallevil.Duetothegreedformoney,peoplewilldovariouskindsofevilthings,suchasstealing,robbingorevenmurder.Moneycaneasilychangeakind,honestmanintoacruel,cunningwoe.
Inmyopinion,bothoftheabove-mentionedviewpointsgotoanextreme.Moneyitselfisneithergoodnorevil.Italldependsonhowwelookatit.Wecannotdenytheimportanceofmoneyinthemodernsociety.Meanwhile,weshouldnotignorethefactthatsomethingcannotbeboughtbymoney,suchasfriendship,trueloveandsoon.
这两例都是采用了对应写作方式，将提示中的三句分别扩展成三段，三段之间相互衔接，构成一个完整的篇章。
2．调整法
尽管是提纲式写作，提纲所提示的只是文章所要包括的主要内容，却不是文章的结构模式，一般情况下，同学们应根据英语文章的类型，重新安排文章。
如上面有关"钱"的一个写作，按照英语的表达习惯，最好是加上一个引子。
Whatismoney?
Tothisquestion,differentpeopleholddifferently.Somethingmoneyisthesourceofhappiness,whilesomeregarditastherootofallevils.AsfarasIamconcerned,theybothhavetheirreasonsThosewhoconsidermoneyasthesourceofhappinessarguethatmoneymeansmassivehouse,beautifulclothes,orluxuriouscars,andcanenablethemandtheirfamilieslivecomfortably.Theyevenbelievethatmoneycanbringpower,friendship,andlove.Butduetothetemptationofmoney,therearemanypeoplewhobecomethieves,robbers,ormurderers.Itisalsooutofthegreedformoneythatsomeofficialsforgettheirdutyandcauseenormouslossestothecountry,sosomepeoplethinkthatmoneyistherootofallevilandsuggestthatwekeepawayfrommoney.
Infact,moneyismerelyamediumofexchange.Itmaybringyouhappiness;itmayleadyoutoalifeofcrime.Whetheritisgoodorbaddependsonhowitisused.
二、首段和尾段的写作
上一讲中我们介绍了段落的扩展模式，也就是说，我们已经了解了文章中间一部分的叙述模式。
根据四六级写作的特点，一般首段和尾段都要自己补上，那么怎么才能写好首尾段呢，下面我介绍一下，首尾段的写作方式。
1．首段的写作
首段的写作方式一般为：
运用事实性信息、调查或故事等引出话题，2）导入主题，然后提出自己的观点，也就是文章的论点
首段开篇的方式常见的有：
1）谚语法
由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。
Asthesayinggoes,"Moneymakesthemarego",buttherearemanythingswecan'tbuywithmoney,suchastimeandtruelove.…
2）定义法
定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。
"Practicemakesperfect"isanoldsaying.Ittellsusthatitdoesnotmatterifweareclumsyatdoingsomething.Aslongaswekeepontryingandpracticing,wewilldoagoodjobintheend.
3）提问法
通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。
a.Doyouhavemanyfriends?
Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?
Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?
b.Whatisagoodstudent?
Differentpeoplemayhavedifferentanswerstothisquestion.
4）概括法
概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。
Inrecentyears,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternethascomeintomoreandmorehomesandisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourworkanddailylife.Ithasbecomeamusttous,butatthesametime,Internethasalsobroughtwithitalotofproblems.
5）故事法
故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。
如下面"IsStressaBadThing?
"
6）引语法
"Justaseatingwithoutlikingharmsthehealth,learningwithoutinterestharmsthememoryandcan'tberetained."FromVinci'swordswecanseehowimportantitistomotivatethestudentsinlanguagelearning.
7）调查法
为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题，如下面"IsStressaBadThing?
"的1）和"CanSchoolchildrenStartUsingtheInternet?
"的4）。
8）假设法
假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。
Supposeyouwereofferedtwojobs,oneishighly-paidbutratherdemanding,theotherislessdemanding,butpoorly-paid,whichwouldyouprefer?
…
9）综合法
具体写作时，同学们没有必要拘泥于一种方式，可以将上述方法总和起来。
首段示例1：
题目：
IsStressaBadThing?
提纲：
1）有人害怕压力
2）有人认为压力并不是一件坏事
3）我的看法
"Ican'tstandthepressureandcompetition,"explainedonefriendofminewhenaskedwhyhedecidedtoquithishighly-paidbutdemandingpositioninhiscompanyrecently.Myfriendmayhavehisownreasons,butIdon'tthinkhisdecisioniswiseinreality.
Itistruethatmyfriend'scaseisnotunique.Inthelastfewyearsquiteanumberofmenandwomenhavechosentodosomethinglesscompetitiveatthecostofacomfortable,easylifeahighly-paidjobcanobtain.Theyareafraidthatthestressesandstrainsofworkwillrobthemofjoyandhappinessanddothemharmbothphysicallyandmentally.Infact,however,stressisn'tthebadthingitisoftensupposedtobe.Unlessitgetsoutofcontrol,acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandchallenge,andtogivepurposeandsignificancetoanotherwisemeaningless,idlelife.Peopleunderstresstendtoexpresstheirfullrangeofpotentialandtoactualizetheirownpersonalworth-theveryaimofahumanlife.
Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Whatwecandoistodevelopouradaptiveabilitiestodealwithitratherthantoescapefromit.
就这一标题而言，根据所提示的提纲，首段的写作还可以采用下列方式：
1）Accordingtoarecentsurvey,inthelastfewyears,quiteanumberofyoungpeoplehavechosentoquittheirdemandingbuthighly-paidjobs.Althoughtheymayhavetheirownrespectivereasons,Idon'tthinktheirdecisioniswiseinreality.
2）Whichjobdoyouprefer,ahighly-paidbutverycompetitivepositionorapoorly-paidbutalsolessdemandingjob?
Youmaychoosethelatterandhaveyourownreasons,butIdon'tthinkthischoiceiswiseenoughwhateverreasons.
3）Facedwithahardanddemandingtask,people'sattitudevarieswidely:
sometrytoavoiditandothersregarditasachallengetotheirabilities.Infactthechoicewemakebetween"flight"or"fightmakethedifferencebetweenleadersandmediocrities（平庸之辈）.
首段示例2：
标题：
CanSchoolchildrenStartUsingtheInternet?
提纲：
1）随着科技的发展，网络越来越普及；
2）网络有其优点但也有缺点；
3）我的观点
根据上面的提示，首段可有下列几种方式：
1）Nowadays,usingtheInternethasbecomeafashion.ManyparentsbegintoteachtheirchildrentousetheInternet.However,therearediverseopinionsonthis.Somethinkitwise,butIdon'tagreewiththem.
2）Today,theInternetisbecomingmoreandmorecommon.Itbeginstoplayamoreandmoreimportantroleinoursocietyandlife.It'ssousefulthatmostadultsarelearninghowtouseit.Whataboutchildren?
Ofcoursetheycanstartusingit.
3）Today,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,theInternetisbeginningtoplayamoreandmoreimportantroleinourlife.MoreandmorepeoplearestartingtousetheInternet,includingschoolchildren.However,IthinkschoolchildrenaretooyoungtostartusingtheInternet.
4）Accordingtoarecentsurvey,Internetusersarebecomingyoungerandyounger,andInternetbarshavebecomearesortforschoolchildrenwhologintochatorplaygames.Facedwiththisphenomenon,manypeopleargueformeasurestopreventschoolchildrenfromusingtheInternet,andIthinktheyhavetheirreasons.
2．结论段的写作
结论一般采用归纳概括、主题重述或提建议等方式。
常见的方式有：
1）重述或总结主题
重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。
Familiesofferuswarmthandcare.Friendsgiveusstrengthandhorizon.Theybothhelpusunderstandtheworldasitis.Bothofthemarethedearestpartsinourlife.
2）提出建议
Sincepostcardsdousmoreharmandgood,sincewehavemanyotherwaystoconveyourfeelingsandpromoteourfriendship,Ihopeeveryonewilltakeactionsnowtostopusingpostcards.
3）概括总结
Aswecanseefromtheabove,livinginthesuburbwecanstayawayfrompollution,leadaneasyleisuretime,andneedn'tinvesttoomuchmoney,soIpreferlivinginthesuburbtolivinginthecity.
4）引用名人名言
Inparticular,IenjoywhatFrancisBaconsaid"Studiesservefordelight,forornamentandforability."
5）综合法
与首段一样，结论段也可以是多种方法的综合。
一般说来，总结加建议的比较多。
尾段示例1：
如"网络"的结论段可以如下所示：
10）Asweallknow,thenextcenturywillbecomeoneoftheInternet.Internetwillbecomemoreandmoreimportantinbothourdailylifeandourwork.SoIsuggestthatschoolchildrenshouldstartusingtheInternet.
11）SoIthinkschoolchildrennotonlycanstartusingtheInternet,butalsoshouldstartusingitTheyaresuretobenefitalotfromtheinternet.
12）Internetcanhelpourchildrenknowtheworld,getusefulinformationandenrichtheirknowledge.SoIthinkschoolchildrencanstartusingtheInternet.
13）Inaword（Inconclusion/Insummary/Tosumup/Inshort）,theInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinourlifeanditishelpfulforchildren'sgrowthbothphysicallyandmentally.Itisbett
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