云南财经大学 英语思辨 复习资料.docx

云南财经大学 英语思辨 复习资料.docx

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云南财经大学英语思辨复习资料

Unit1

Part1

1.Criticalthinkinginvolvesthinkingaboutthinking

2.Theavailabilityheuristicinvolvesunconsciouslyassigningaprobabilitytoatypeofeventbasedonhowoftenonethinksofeventsofthattype.

3.Anissuesimplyraisesaquestion.

4.Thepartofanargumentthatprovidesareasonforacceptingtheotherpartiscalledthepremise.

5.Ageneralruleweunconsciouslyfollowinestimatingprobabilitiesiscalledaheuristic.

Part2

1.Theconclusionofanargumentiswhatthepremisesupposedlysupports

ordemonstrates.

2.Thetendencytoweighnegativeevidencemoreheavilythanpositive

evidenceiscalledanegativitybias.

3.A（n）argumentpresentsaconsiderationforacceptingaclaim.

4.Assumingthatsocietyingeneralsharestheviewsheldbyusandthepeopleweknowisthefalseconsensuseffect.

Part3

1.“PresidentLincolnwasthefinestU.S.Presidentinhistory”isan

objectiveclaim.（F）

2.Whetheranobjectiveclaimistrueorfalsedependsonwhetherpeople

thinkitistrueorfalse.（F）

3.Criticalthinkingshouldincludebiasesoremotions.（F）

4.Experiencedphilosophersorotherspecialistsintheirfieldsrarelymake

mistakesinreasoning.（F）

Part4

1.Educatedguessesorrulesofthumbareoftencalledheuristics

2.Emotion,greed,andbiasareallfactorsthatcanunderminecritical

thinking.

3.Whataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritically?

（Checkallthat

apply.）（C,D）

A.TomakevisedecisionsB.Tocometocorrectconclusions

C.TomakehastygeneralizationD.Todevelopadversarythinking

4.AllDobermansaredogs.Somedogsliketobark.ThereforesomeDobermansliketobark.Thetendencytoacceptthisargumentatfirstglancemaybedueto.（D）

A.self-servingbiasB.negativitybias

C.confirmationbiasD.beliefbias

5.Thisbiasispresentwhenmostmembersofagroupthinktheyarebetteratsomethingthanmostothermembersofthegroup.（A）

A.Better-than-averageillusionB.Fundamentalattributionerror

C.BeliefbiasD.Bandwagoneffect

6.Whatbiasisineffectwhenyouassumethatthecandidatewhosenameyouseethemostoftenisprobablythemostpopularcandidate?

（B）

A.ObediencetoauthorityB.Availabilityheuristic

C.MajorityrulesD.Bandwagoneffect

Part5

1.Anargumentconsistsof,atminimum,_____B______.

A.aconclusionB.onepremiseandaconclusion

C.twoormorepremisesandconclusionD.apremise

2.Whataretheultimateobjectivesofthinkingcritically?

（Checkallthatapply.）（A,D）

A.Tocometocorrectconclusions

B.Todevelopadversarythinking

C.Tomakehastygeneralizations

D.Tomakewisedecisions

3.Suzanneis99%certainmostofhertestanswersarecorrect.Inreality,mostofheranswersarenotcorrect.WhattypeofbiasmightSuzannebedemonstrating?

（A）

A.OverconfidenceeffectB.PoorestimationC.Beliefbias

4.CharlesandhiscolleagueMike’schildrenattendclassesatthesameschool.Charlesbelievesthathischildren'sexceptionalperformanceatschoolisduetotheirsuperiorintelligence.Healwaysattributestheiroccasionalfailurestobadluck.Ontheotherhand,hebelievesthatMike'schildrenachievehightestscoresduetosheerluckandtendstoattributetheirfailurestoapossiblelackofhardworkanddedication.Whichofthefollowingisillustratedinthisscenario?

（A）

A.In-groupbiasB.Availabilityheuristic

C.BandwagoneffectD.Selectionbias

5.Acriticalthinkertriesto____B____.

A.overstateconclusionsB.evaluatearguments

C.understateconclusionsD.persuadeanaudience

6.Afterseeinganumberofreportsconcerningsharkattacks,youdecidenottovisitthebeachforspringbreak.Whichcognitivebiasisatplay?

（C）

A.In-groupbiasB.Bandwagoneffect

C.Availabilityheuristic

Part6

1.Thisisthetendencytocarryoutordersfromasuperiorwithoutquestion.

A.NegativityBiasB.Bandwagoneffect

C.FundamentalattributionerrorD.Obediencetoauthority

2.Themethodusedtocometocorrectconclusionsistoevaluateourthinkingbystandardsof____B__.

A.informationaltheoryB.logicandcommonsense

C.statistics,history,andresearch

3.Whattypesofargumentsshouldyouavoid?

（A）

A.Weak,invalidandirrelevantB.Strong,invalid,andrelevant

C.Weak,valid,andrelevantD.Strong,valid,andrelevant

4.____C_____istheideathatifapersonthinkssomethingismorallywrong,thenitismorallywrongforthatpersonandhe/shedoesnotneedtoconsideranyfurthertruth.

A.MoralabsolutismB.Moralobjectivism

C.Moralsubjectivism

5.Whatistheresultofexpressingabelief,judgment,oropinioninadeclarativesentence?

（A）

A.AclaimB.AquestionC.Anexclamation

Unit2

Part1

1.Everyargumentmusthaveatleastonepremiseandaconclusion

2.Whenthereisanunstatedpremise,youshouldusethecontextandcontenttoclarifyiftheargumentisdeductiveorinductive.

3.Whenthepremisesofavalidargumentaretrue,thentheargumentissound.

4.Themoresupportthepremiseprovidestotheconclusionofaninductiveargument,thestrongertheargument.

Part2

1.Whichoftheseisanargument?

（B）

A.Iamagreatthinker.B.Ithink.ThereforeIam.

C.IbelievethatIexist

2.Whatarethetwopartsofanargument?

（B）

A.StatementandconclusionB.Premiseandconclusion

C.PremiseandreasoningD.Premiseandstatement

3.“1）Shewasoutlatelastnightwhichledto2）herbeingoverlytiredthismorning.3）So,shewon’tshowupforclass.”Howwouldyoumapthis?

A.1-2-3B.2-1-3C.3-2-1

4.Trueorfalse:

Commonsenseandbackgroundknowledgeareimportantcomponentsofcriticalthinking.（B）

A.FalseB.True

Part3

1.“Thefinancialcostofthedeathpenaltyislessthatoflifein

prison.Also,itdoesnotdetercrime.”Whatisneededtomake

thisintoanargument?

（A）

A.AconclusionB.Apremise

2.Whichwordorwordsindicateaconclusionisabouttofollow?

（C）

A.HoweverB.ThereasonisC.Consequently

3.Whichofthesewordsindicatesapremise?

（B）

A.ThereforeB.SinceC.ConsequentlyD.Hence

4.Whichtypeofpersuasionreliesoninformationorarguments?

（A）

A.LogosB.PathosC.Ethos

5.“Ihavetovoteforhim.Heisfrommyhometown.”Thisisanexampleof（A）

A.EthosB.PathosC.Logos

Part4

1.Theconclusionofanargumentisalsocalledthe____A___.

A.thesisB.answerC.argumentD.premise

2.“Haroldisatwin.Therefore,Haroldhasasibling.”Whatis

theunstatedpremise?

（A）

A.Alltwinshavesiblings.B.Haroldisnotanonlychild.

3.Inadeductiveargument,thepremises___B_theconclusion.

A.supportB.demonstrate

4.Whattypeofreasoninginvolvesweighingconsiderationsfororagainstmakingacertaindecision?

（D）

A.RationalAdjudicationB.InferencetotheBestExplanation

C.CommonSenseD.Balanceofconsiderations

5.Thistypeofreasoningcomparesalternativehypothesestofindtheonewiththebestpredictiveaccuracy.（B）

A.CommonSenseExplanation

B.InferencetotheBestExplanation

C.BalanceofConsiderations

Part5

1.Thefirstandessentialstepinunderstandinganargumentisto___A____.

A.spottheconclusionB.identifythepremise

C.determinewhetheritistrueD.determinewhetheritisvalid

2.Amoviecanbeconsideredasa/an:

（A）

A.noneoftheoptionsB.conclusion

C.argumentD.premise

3.Identifyatruestatementaboutpremises.（A）

A.Theyareabsentinapieceofpurerhetoric.

B.Allthepremisesbeingusedtojustifyaconclusionmustbestatedexplicitly.

C.Allthepremisesbeingusedtojustifyaconclusionmustbecommonlyknowntruths.

D.Theyareabsentinanargument

4.Trueorfalse:

Anif…thenphrasecanbeconsideredanargument.A.TrueB.False

5.Inaninductiveargument,whenthepremisesdonotadequatelysupporttheconclusion,theargumentis____C__.

A.invalidB.unsoundC.weak

Part6

1.Anargumentissound___B__theargumentisvalidandthepremises

aretrue.

A.generallywhenB.ifandonlyif

2.Adeductiveargument（B）

A.triestosupporttheconclusion.

B.provesordemonstratestheconclusion.

3.Whenthinkingcritically,“argument”means（B）

A.aviolentconflictB.attempttosupportorprovesomething.

C.aheatedexchange

4.Whichlistofwordsindicateaconclusionwillfollow?

（A）

A.Accordingly,consequently,therefore

B.Giventhat,because,since

C.Accordingly,because,therefore

D.Hence,giventhat,because

5.“IhaveanallergicreactiontonutssoIcouldn’teatthecake.Further,Idon’tlikechocolate.Hence,Iskippeddessert.”Whatwordindicatedtheconclusion?

（B）

A.SoB.HenceC.Further

Unit3

Part1

1.Awordorphrasethathasmultiplemeaningsisambiguous

2.Syntacticambiguityresultswhenthereisastructuralproblemintheclaim.

3.A（n）analyticaldefinitionspecifiesthefeaturesathingmusthaveinorderforthetermbeingdefinedtoapplytoit.

4.Adefinitionbyexampleisalsocalleda（n）ostensivedefinition.

5.Semanticambiguityariseswhenawordorphrasehasmorethanonemeaning.

Part2

1.Whenwritinganessay,youshouldstrivetobe____A___inyourtreatmentofthetopic.

A.completeB.biasedC.haphazard

2.Identifytheprinciplesofpersuasivewriting.（Checkallthatapply.）

A.Personalconsiderationsshouldbeincludedinthediscussion.

B.Strongestargumentsshouldbepresentedfirst.

C.Everylastcriticismofone’spositionshouldberefuted,evenifspaceortimeislimited.

D.Ifanopponent’sargumentisgood,oneshouldconcedethatitisgood.

3.Whatprincipleisinvolvedwhenensuringthatallpointsinanessaypertaintotheissueunderdiscussion?

（C）

A.OutliningtheessayB.Logicalsequencing

C.Stickingt