英国浪漫主义时期.docx

英国浪漫主义时期.docx

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英国浪漫主义时期

ChapterIIITheRomanticPeriod

（一）考核知识点

1浪漫主义时期概述

1）浪漫主义时期英国社会的政治，经济，文化背景2）浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张

3）英国浪漫主义文学的特色　4）浪漫主义文学对同时代及后世英国文学的影响

2浪漫主义时期主要作家的文学创作思想及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法及社会意义等。

（二）考核要求

　　1浪漫主义时期概述

　　　1）识记：

a.浪漫主义时期的界定b.历史文化背景

　　　2）领会：

a.浪漫主义思潮的意义与影响。

b.浪漫主义文学创作的基本主张及对后世文学的影响。

　　　3）应用：

a.名词解释：

浪漫主义b.浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析

　　2该时期的重要作家

　　　2）领会：

重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，社会意义等。

　　　3）应用：

a.浪漫派诗歌（所选作品）的主题，意象分析

　　　　　　　　b.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析。

　1.一般识记EnglishRomanticism

　EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebeganin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge'sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott'sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.

　2.识记HistoricalandCulturalbackground

Duringthisperiod,Englandhadexperiencedprofoundeconomicandsocialchange.ThebiggestsocialchangeinEnglishhistorywasthetransferoflargenumberofthepopulationfromthecountrysidetothetowns.AsaresultoftheEnclosures（圈地运动）andtheagriculturalmechanization（农业机械化）,thepeasantsweredrivenoftheirland,itcausedlarge-scaleworkers'disturbancesinEngland.

　3领会

（1）InfluencesoftheRomanticMovement

　Romanticismconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.Inessenceitdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualasthecenterofalllifeandallexperience.Italsoplacestheindividualatthecenterofart,makingliteraturemostvaluableasanexpressionofman’suniquefeelingsandparticularattitudesandindescribingtheindividual'sexperiences.

（2）TheRomanticviewsaboutliterature

　a.TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.

　b.TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.ThetwomajornovelistsoftheRomanticperiodareJaneAustenandWalterScott.

　c.Besidespoetryandprose,somewritershavetriedtowritepoeticdramasinthisperiod.

　4应用

（1）LiteraryTerms

　a.TheRomanticMovement

　Itexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardstheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.TheRomanticsfeltthattheexistingsocietydeniedpeopletheiressentialhumanneeds,sotheygetridofthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th-centurywritersandphilosophers.TheRomanticssawmanessentiallyasanfreeandindependentindividualandemphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual'smind.Romanticismactuallyconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentionto….（接上浪漫主义运动的影响）

　b.TheGothicnovel

　Itisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelate18thcenturyandwasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement,itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horrorandthesupernatural,whichstronglyappealtothereader'semotion.Withitsdescriptionsofthedark,irrationalsideofhumannature,theGothicformhasagreatinfluencetothewriteroftheRomanticperiod.Frankenstein（1818）byMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.

（2）CharacteristicsofRomanticliteratureinEnglishhistory.

　TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.WordsworthandColeridgewerethemajorrepresentativesofthismovement.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergywhichcouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.TheRomanticsnotonlypraisetheimagination,butalsostresstheconceptofspontaneityandinspiration,regardingthemassomethingimportantfortruepoetry.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.Wordsworthistheclosesttonature.　Toescapefromarationalworldthathadbecamematerialisticandugly,theRomanticswouldturntoothertimesandplaces,wherethequalitiestheyvaluedcouldbeconvincinglydepicted.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic,defendingthegreatpoetsanddramatistsoftheirownnationalagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalruleswhotendedtoglorifyRome,ItalianandFrenchneoclassicalart.TotheRomantics,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.Romanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheabsoluteandidealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versificationanddesign,andconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesofstructureandstyle.

I.WilliamBlake

　Englishpoet,artistandphilosopher,1757-1827.BlakeistheearliestmajorEnglishRomanticpoets.Hispoemsrangefromlyricsofchildlikesimplicitytomysticalorprophetic（预言的）worksofgreatcomplexity.Asanartistheisbestknownforhisengravings（雕刻）.

2.识记Hispolitical,religiousandliteraryviews

　Blakenevertriedtofitintotheworld,hewasarebelinnocentlyandcompletelyallhislife.Hewaspoliticallyofthepermanentleft,Blakestronglycriticizedthecapitalists'cruelexploitation,meanwhilehehadgreatexpectationsandenthusiasmfortheFrenchRevolution.LiterarilyBlakewasthefirstimportantRomanticpoet,showingcontemptfortheruleofreason,opposingtheclassicaltraditionofthe18thcenturyandtreasuringtheindividual'simagination.

3.领会Hispoems

（1）Earlyworks

　TheSongsofInnocence<天真之歌>HisSongsofExperience<经验之歌>

Blake’sMarriageofHeavenandHell《天堂与地狱的结合》markshisentryintomaturity.ThepoemwascomposedduringtheclimaxoftheFrenchRevolutionanditplaysthedoublerolebothasasatireandarevolutionaryprophecy.Inthispoem,Blakeexplorestherelationshipofthecontraries.Lifeisacontinualconflictofgiveandtake,ofgoodandevil,ofinnocenceandexperience,ofbodyandsoul.“Withoutcontraries,”Blakestates,“thereisnoprogression.”

（2）Laterworks

　Inhislaterperiod,Blakewrotequiteafewpropheticbooks,whichrevealhimastheprophetofuniversalpoliticalandspiritualfreedomandshowthepoethimselfasthespokesmanofrevolt.Themajoronesare:

TheBookofUrizen（尤莱森之书）,TheBookofLos（洛斯之书）.AndMilton（弥尔顿）.

　4.领会CharacteristicsofBlake’spoems

Blakedeclarethat“IknowthatthisworldisaworldofimaginationandVision,”andthat“TheNatureofmyworkisvisionaryorimaginative.”Asanimaginativepoet,hepresentshisviewinvisualimagesinsteadofabstractterms.Blakewriteshispoemsinplainanddirectlanguage.Hispoemsoftencarrythelyricbeautywithimmensecompressionofmeaning.Hedistruststheabstractnessandtendstoembodyhisviewswithvisualimages.Symbolisminwiderangeisalsoafeatureofhispoetry.

　5.应用SelectReadings:

　1）TheChimneySweeper（fromSongsofInnocence）天真之歌

　SongsofInnocenceisalovelyvolumeofpoems,presentingahappyandinnocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevilsandsufferings.Forexample,“HolyThursday”withitsvisionofcharitychildrenlit“witharadiancealltheirown”remindsusaworldoflossandinstitutionalcruelty.Thepoorchilddescribedin“TheChimneySweeper,”evokesunbearablepoignancywhenhefinallyputshistrustintheorderoftheuniverseasheknowsit.Inthisvolume,Blake,withhiseagerquestfornewpoeticsformsandtechniques,brokecompletelywiththetraditionsofthe18thcentury.Heexperimentedinmeter（音步）andrhymes（尾韵）andintroducedboldmetricalinnovationswhichcouldnotbefoundinthepoetryofhiscontemporaries.

　Inthe18thcentury,smallboyssometimesnomorethan4or5yearsold,wereemployedtoclimbupthenarrowchimneyfluesandcleanthem,collectingthesootinbags.Suchboys,sometimessoldtothemastersweepersbytheirpoorparents.Thispoem,infact,isaprotestagainsttheharmthatsocietydoestoitschildrenbyexploitingthemforlaborofthiskind,Thepoemwaswritteninthechild's-eyepointofview,andthedramaticirony（whatthespeakersaysinthepoemisdifferentfromwhatthepoetmeans）arisesfromthepoet'sknowingmoreorseeingmorethanthechilddoes.

　2）TheChimneySweeper（fromsongsofExperience<经验之歌>）

HisSongsofExperiencepaintsadifferentworld,aworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithamelancholytone.Englandbecomestheworldofthedarkwoodandhopeless.In"London",thecityisnolongeraparadise,butbecomestheseatofpovertyanddespair.Thepoemselectedhererevealsthetruenatureofreligionwhichhelpsbringmiserytothepoorchildren.Thepoemalsorevealstherelationbetweenareeconomiccircumstance,i.e.theexploitationofchildlaborandanideologicalcircumstance,i.e.theroleplayedbyreligioninmakingpeoplecomplianttoexploitation.

　3）TheTyger（includedinSongsofExperience）

　TheTygerisoneofBlake'sbest-knownpoems.Itseeminglypraisesthegreatpoweroftiger,butwhatthetigersymbolizesremainsdisputable:

thepowerofman?

Ortherevolutionaryforce?

Ortheevil?

Orasitisusuallyinterpreted,theAlmightyMaker万能的上帝whocreatedboththemeekandgentlelambandtheterribleandawesometiger?

Thepoemishighlysymbolicwithatouchofmysticismanditisopentovariousinterpretations.ThepoemcontainssixquatrainsinrhymingcoupletsanditslanguageIsbriefandforcefulwithananvilrhythm.

　　　　　　　　　　II.WilliamWordsworthWilliamWordsworth（1770-1850）,Hedevelopedakeenloveofnatureasayouth.AnotherimportantinfluenceonhislifewastheFrenchRevolution.In1798WordsworthandColeridgecollaboratedonabookofpoemsentitledLyricalBalladsRobertSout