Human_health_and_disease[人类健康与疾病_].pptx

Human_health_and_disease[人类健康与疾病_].pptx

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HumanHealthandDiseaseWhatishealth?

Thestateofcompletephysical,mentalandsocialwell-being,Tosustainahealthylifestylepersonneeds:

Goodhygienewillreducethelikelihoodofinfection,AbalancedandvarieddietTakeexercisePropershelterEnoughsleep,Whatisdisease?

Diseaseisadisorderormalfunctionofthemindorbody,whichleadstoadeparturefromgoodhealth.,Canbeadisorderofaspecifictissueororganduetoasinglecause.E.g.malaria.,Mayhavemanycauses.Oftenreferredtoasmultifactorial.E.g.heartdisease.,Diseasediagnosedbyadoctoranalysingthesymptoms（physicalandmentalsigns）.,Acutedisease,Suddenandrapidonset,Symptomsdisappearquickly,E.g.influenza,Chronicdisease,Longterm,Symptomslastingmonthsoryears,E.g.Tuberculosis,Categoriesofdiseases,Physicaldisease,Resultsfrompermanentortemporarydamagetothebody,Infectiousdiseases,Organismsthatcausediseaseinsidethehumanbodyarecalledpathogens,BacteriaandVirusesarethebestknowpathogens.,Fungi,protistsandparasitescanalsocausedisease,Diseasesaresaidtobeinfectiousorcommunicableifpathogenscanbepassedfromonepersontoanother.,Examples:

Influenza（flu）Influenzaisaviruswhichcausesasevereformofrespiratorytractinfectionwithgeneralisedbodilysymptoms.Itspreadsaroundtheworldinepidemicsandisresponsibleformuchillhealthaswellasmanydeaths.SymptomsIfyoustarttodevelopcoldsymptomsbutstartingmorerapidlyandrathermoreviolently,withhigherfeverandsevereachesandpains,ofteninthebackandmuscles,thenyoumaywellbedevelopinginfluenza.Thismaybeassociatedwithsevereheadache,cough,and,asaresultofthefever,intermittentsweatingandshivering.Sometimesthereisagastrointestinalelement,withvomitingand/ordiarrhoea.Manypeoplethinktheyhavehadfluwhenallthattheyhavesufferedisabadcold.Whenyouhaveinfluenzayouwillknowthedifference.Mostpeoplewillfinditimpossibletoleavetheirbedandfeelterrible.Theworstsymptomsusuallylastforthreetofivedays,andthenshouldbegintoimprove.Itiscommontoneedtwotothreeweeksoffworkasthereisconsiderabledebilityleftafterthefeverishillnessisover.Donotbesurprisedtobequitedepressed,thisisanaturalafter-effectofthecondition.Influenzamakeseveryonefeelterrible,butmostpeoplerecover.Itdoeshoweverhaveasmall,butsignificantmortality,especiallyintheveryyoung,theveryold,andthosewithpoorimmunity.CausesInfluenzaiscausedbyaviruswhichattacksourbodycellsresultinginvariousmanifestationsdependingonthestrainofthevirus.Newmutationsofthevirusariseallthetimeandunfortunatelyimmunityagainstonestrain（whichisconferredbyexposureorimmunisation）doesnotprotectagainstotherstrains.Intheeraofrapidairtransporttheworldwidespreadofanewtypeofinfluenzacanbeextremelyfast.,Measles,Chickenpox,Salmonella,SalmonellosisisaninfectionwithabacteriacalledSalmonella.MostpersonsinfectedwithSalmonelladevelopdiarrhea,fever,andabdominalcramps12to72hoursafterinfection.Theillnessusuallylasts4to7days,andmostpersonsrecoverwithouttreatment.However,insomepersonsthediarrheamaybesoseverethatthepatientneedstobehospitalized.Inthesepatients,theSalmonellainfectionmayspreadfromtheintestinestothebloodstream,andthentootherbodysitesandcancausedeathunlessthepersonistreatedpromptlywithantibiotics.Theelderly,infants,andthosewithimpairedimmunesystemsaremorelikelytohaveasevereillness,Cholera,Choleraisanacute,diarrhealillnesscausedbyinfectionoftheintestinewiththebacteriumVibriocholerae.Theinfectionisoftenmildorwithoutsymptoms,butsometimesitcanbesevere.Approximatelyonein20infectedpersonshasseverediseasecharacterizedbyprofusewaterydiarrhea,vomiting,andlegcramps.Inthesepersons,rapidlossofbodyfluidsleadstodehydrationandshock.Withouttreatment,deathcanoccurwithinhours.,Typhoid,TyphoidfeveriscontractedwhenpeopleeatfoodordrinkwaterthathasbeeninfectedwithSalmonellatyphi.Itisrecognizedbythesuddenonsetofsustainedfever,severeheadache,nauseaandseverelossofappetite.Itissometimesaccompaniedbyhoarsecoughandconstipationordiarrhoea.Case-fatalityratesof10%canbereducedtolessthan1%withappropriateantibiotictherapy.Paratyphoidfevershowssimilarsymptoms,buttendstobemilderandthecase-fatalityrateismuchlower.,Waterorfoodborne,Gonorrhoea,Thisiscausedbybacteriaandcanaffectthevagina,cervix,urethra,rectumoreventhethroat.HowcouldIgetit?

Gonorrhoeacanbepassedonthrough:

vaginalsex-wherethemanputshispenisinthewomansvaginaanalsex-wherethepenisisputintotherectumoralsex-wherepartnerslickorsuckeachotherssexualparts.CanIgetitfromtoiletseatsortowels?

Youcannotitgetitfromtoiletseatsorswimm