regional american accents美式英语的地区性差异.docx

regional american accents美式英语的地区性差异.docx

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regionalamericanaccents美式英语的地区性差异

RegionalvocabulariesofAmericanEnglish

Contents

●1Regionalisms

●2TheNortheast

⏹2.1NewEngland

◆2.1.1NorthernNewEngland

⏹2.2Mid-Atlantic

◆2.2.1NewYorkCityArea

◆2.2.2NewJersey

◆2.2.3Baltimore-WashingtonMetropolitanArea&DelawareValley（Philadelphia,Baltimore,Washington,DC,NortheasternMarylandandenvirons,includingsouthernNewJerseyandnorthernDelaware）

●3TheNorth

⏹3.1ChicagolandandNorthernIllinois

⏹3.2Iowa

⏹3.3NorthDakota

⏹3.4Michigan

⏹3.5Wisconsin

⏹3.6Minnesota

●4TheMidland

⏹4.1NorthernandEasternMissouri（SaintLouis,Columbia,Missouri,andSurroundingAreas）

●5TheSouth

⏹5.1SouthLouisiana

●6TheWest

⏹6.1PacificNorthwest（Oregon,Washington,andAlaska）

◆6.1.1Alaska

⏹6.2Montana

⏹6.3Wyoming

●7Seealso

⏹7.1RegionalAmericanEnglish

⏹7.2Englisharoundtheworld

⏹7.3Languagestudies

Regionalisms

Historically,anumberofeverydaywordsandexpressionusedtobecharacteristicofdifferentdialectareasoftheUnitedStates,especiallytheNorth,theMidland,andtheSouth;manyofthesetermsspreadfromtheirareaoforiginandcametobeusedthroughoutthenation.Manytodayusethesedifferentwordsforthesameobjectinterchangeably,ortodistinguishbetweenvariationsofanobject.Suchtraditionallexicalvariablesinclude:

faucet（North）andspigot（South）;

fryingpanandspider,bothofNewEnglandorigin（theformerbroughtoverbytheEnglish）,andskillet（Midland）;

clapboard（North）andweatherboard（MidlandandSouth）;

gutter（South）,nowthemainstreamterm,asopposedtoeavestrough（North）andspouting（partsofMid-Atlantic）;

pit（North,fromDutch）andseed（Midland）;

teeter-totter（originallyNorthern,nowalsoWestern）,seesaw（Midland）,and"dandle"（RhodeIsland）;

firefly（North）andlightningbug（MidlandandSouth）;

swill（North;garbageforhogs）andslops（MidlandandSouth）;

pail（North）andbucket（MidlandandSouth）.

Manydifferenceshoweverstillholdandmarkboundariesbetweendifferentdialectareas,asshownbelow.Newerlexicalvariablesthathavebeenstudiedinrecentyearsare,forexample,thedifferenttermsinusetodenote

asofa,couch,or（nowold-fashioned）davenport;

carbonatedbeveragesorsoftdrinks（soda,pop,coke,etc.）;

alongsandwichwithmeat,lettuce,etc.（submarinesandwich,hero,hoagie,grinder,po'boyetc.）;

arubber-soledsportsshoe（mainlysneaker,tennisshoe,orgymshoe）.

BelowarelistsoutliningregionalvocabulariesinthemaindialectareasoftheUnitedStates.Atermfeaturedonalistmayormaynotbefoundthroughouttheregionconcerned,andmayormaybenotrecognizedbyspeakersoutsideofsaidregion.Sometermsappearonmorethanonelist.

TheNortheast

brook:

creek.MainlyNewEngland,northernNewJersey,andpartsofNewYork,termcreekisthoughtofasasmallerbrook.

（shopping）carriage:

（esp.SouthernNewEngland&NorthernNewJersey）shoppingcart.

cellar:

alternatetermforbasement.[1]

sneaker:

althoughfoundthroughouttheU.S.,appearstobeconcentratedinthe

Northeast.Elsewhere（exceptforpartsofFlorida）tennisshoesismorecommon.[2]

soda:

usualtermforsoftdrink.

stoop:

fromDutch,traditionallyassociatedwithNewYorkCity,nowfoundthroughouttheNortheast.

whiffletree:

pieceofwagongearelsewhereknownaswhippletree,swingletree,etc.

NewEngland

SeeBostonaccentfortheBostonlexicon

basement:

（local）alavatory（asinaschool）.

bubbler（Boston）:

awaterfountain.

bulkhead:

cellarhatchway.

clicker:

televisionremotecontrol.

grinder:

submarinesandwich（exceptusu.ME,extremelycommoninCT）

hosey:

（esp.partsofMA&ME）tostakeaclaimorchoosesides,toclaimownershipofsomething（sometimes,thefrontseatofacar）

intervale:

（alsospelledinterval）bottomland;mostlyhistorical

johnnycake:

（alsojourneycake,esp.RIjonnycake,alsocalledShawneecake）atypeofcornmealbread

leafpeeper:

atouristwhohascometoseethearea'svibrantautumnfoliage（alsocolloquiallyleafer）

Masshole:

derogatorytermappliedtosomeonefromthestateofMassachusetts;sometimesusedwithpridebyBayStaters

Taxachusetts:

derogatorytermforMassachusettsbasedonthehighstatetaxes.

necessary:

outhouse,privy.

packie:

（chieflyMAandCT）Shortforpackagestore,aregionalvariationofliquorstore,derivedfromtheuseofbrownbagsorshallowboxestopackageandconcealthepurchasedbottles.

quahog（RhodeIsland）:

Pronounced"koe-hog,"itproperlyreferstoaspecificspeciesofclam,butduetoitsabundanceinRI,mostRhodeIslandersrefertoanyclamasa"quahog";itisalsousedtorefertostuffedclams.

rotary:

trafficcircle.

spa:

（mainlyEasternNE）sodafountain.

tilt,tiltingboard,totter,dandle,teedleboard:

seesaw,teeter-totter

tonic（Boston）:

softdrink.OneofthefewvariationsfromthegeneralsplitintheUnitedStatesbetween"soda"and"pop".

wicked:

（adv.）very,extremely（thishasgainedpopularitythroughouttheU.S.inpopularculture[citationneeded],especiallyamongyoungerpeople）also,cool

frappe（Boston,EasternMA）:

aMilkshake

barrel（Boston）:

TrashCan

NorthernNewEngland

ayuh,orayup:

"yes"oraffirmative.

bulkie:

akaiserroll.CommonthroughoutMaineandasfarsouthasBoston.

"TheCounty":

AroostookCounty,Maine,socalledduetoitslargesize.

camp:

usuallywaterfrontvacationcabinorcottage.

dinner:

sometimesusedtodescribethepracticeofgoingoutfordessertaftertheeveningmeal.

dooryard:

areaaroundthedoorofahouse,typicallyincludingthedriveway.

flatlander,flattie:

describesaperson"fromaway"（q.v.）.InNHoccasionallyusedforapersonfromtheextremesouthernpartofNewHampshire（whichlacksmountains）.

fromaway:

phrasedescribingapersonfromanotherstateorcountry（orasissometimesthecaseinNorthernMaine,apersonfromSouthernMaine）.

Italiansandwich:

（ME）submarinesandwich.

Kaybecker:

alumberjackwhoisanativeofFrench-speakingQuebec（alterationofQuebecer）.

logan,pokelogan:

ashallow,swampylakeorpond（fromAlgonquian）.

shmunk:

forshortenedtermforaChipmunk.

outfit:

agroupofpeople（e.g."Whatareyoudoinghangingaroundwiththatoutfit?

"meaning"Whyareyouassociatingwiththosepeople?

"）

rooked:

tobeswindled,"igotrookedonthatdeal"

Mid-Atlantic

NewYorkCityArea

BICs（BronxIrishCatholics）:

aderogatorytermusedbyBronxteenboys（ofallethnicities）inthe1950storefertoIrish-Americanteengirlswhowerecoquettishbutnotavailable.

BOCES:

aderogatorytermforspecialeducationchildren.DerivesfromtheacronymfortheBoardofCooperativeEducationalServices.

bodega:

aconveniencestore,mostofteninaSpanish-language（usuallyPuerto-RicanorDominican）neighborhood.

cattycorner:

toplacesomethingonanangletoacorner;catercorner.

Chinesehandball:

one-wallhandballinwhichtheballmustbouncefirstbeforehittingthewall.Typicallyplayedagainstthewallofanapartmentbuildingthatisflushtothesidewalk.Asthereisnotmuchroomforaballtobounceafterhittingthewall,thestipulationthattheballmustbouncebeforehittingthewallslowsdownitsspeed.

"TheCity":

Manhattan,or,NewYorkCityasawhole（primarilydependingonwhetherthespeakerisintheouter-boroughsorinanothercityaltogether.）

closethelight:

"turnoffthelight"elsewhere

dungarees:

jeans

eggcream:

amixtureofcoldmilk,U-Betchocolatesyrup,andseltzer.

gutter:

theentirewidthofstreetandnotjustthedepressedraincatchmentalongthesidewalk,asin"let'splaystickballinthegutter".

haveacatch:

Tothrowaballbackandforth."Playcatch"elsewhere.

hero:

submarinesandwich.

icebox[archaic]:

refrigerator

ices:

"Italianice"

"TheIsland":

LongIsland（notincludingBrooklynandQueens）.InNYC,itcanalsorefertoRikersIsland,particularlywhenusedinacontextsuchassayingthatonegot"senttotheisland."AlsoreferstoPuertoRico,especiallybyPuertoRicansorNewYorkersofPuertoRicandescent.

johnnypump（archaic）:

firehydrant.

akill:

（from[Dutch]）asmallriverorstrait,inthenameofspecificwatercourses.E.g.:

"BeaverKill","FreshKills","KillVanKull","ArthurKill".

lightandsweet:

amethodofservingcoffee,withlotsofmilkandsugar.AlsocommoninNewEngland.

towait/standonline:

towait/standinline（e.g."Istoodonlinefor5hourstogetthesetickets."）

onaccident:

NotusedbyallNewYorkers,butisnotuncommon,contrasting"onpurpose".Forexample,"Ididn'tmeanto;Ididitonaccident."WhileallAmericansusetheterm"onpurpose,"mostnon-NewYorkersuse"byaccident."

outerboroughs:

ThefourboroughsofNewYorkCitythatarenotManhattan:

Brooklyn,TheBronx,QueensandStatenIsland.

pie:

anentirepizza;acheesepieoraplainpiehasnotoppingsotherthancheeseandsauce.

potsy:

hopscotch.

punchball:

abaseball-likegamesuitableforsmallerareas,inwhichafistsubstitutesforthebatanda"spaldeen"istheball.

regularcoffee:

10oz.coffeewithwholemilkandtwosugars;bycontrast,plaincoffeeisblack,nosugar.

sewer:

manholecoverinthemiddleofthestreet,asinthestickballterm:

"hecanhitthreesewers".

slice:

onepieceofapizza

spaldeen:

asmall,softrubberball,reputedlytheinsideofatennisball,madebySpalding,andusedforpunchballandstickball.

stickball:

abaseball-likegameplayedinthestreet（"gutter"）withabroomhandleusedforabatanda"spaldeen"foraball.

stoop:

thefrontstepsofahouse（usuallycement,sometimeswood）,similartoporch;akid