APA Format.docx
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APAFormat
10.CompilingCitationandBibliography
Contents:
WhatisAPA
In-TextCitations:
TheBasics
In-TextCitations:
Author/Authors
FootnotesandEndnotes
ReferenceList:
BasicRules
ReferenceList:
Author/Authors
ReferenceList:
ArticlesinPeriodicals
ReferenceList:
Books
ReferenceList:
OtherPrintSources
ReferenceList:
ElectronicSources
ReferenceList:
OtherNon-PrintSources
10.2APAFormat
WhatisAPAFormat?
APA(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation)ismostcommonlyusedtocitesourceswithinthesocialsciences.Thisresource,revisedaccordingtothe5theditionoftheAPAmanual(2008),offersexamplesforthegeneralformatofAPAresearchpapers,in-textcitations,endnotes/footnotes,andthereferencepage.
10.3APACitationBasics
(1)APAstylerequiresauthorstousethepasttenseorpresentperfecttensewhenusingsignalphrasestodescribeearlierresearch.E.g.,Jones(1998)foundorJones(1998)hasfound…
(2)ParenthesesCitations
WhenusingAPAformat,followtheauthor-datemethodofin-textcitation.Thismeansthattheauthor'slastnameandtheyearofpublicationforthesourceshouldappearinthetext.E.g.,(Jones,1998),andacompletereferenceshouldappearinthereferencelistattheendofthepaper.
IfyouarereferringtoanideafromanotherworkbutNOTdirectlyquotingthematerial,ormakingreferencetoanentirebook,articleorotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreference.
(3)In-TextCitationCapitalization,Quotes,andItalics/Underlining
∙Alwayscapitalizepropernouns,includingauthornamesandinitials:
D.Jones.
∙Ifyourefertothetitleofasourcewithinyourpaper,capitalizeallwordsthatarefourletterslongorgreaterwithinthetitleofasource:
PermanenceandChange.Exceptionsapplytoshortwordsthatareverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs:
WritingNewMedia,ThereIsNothingLefttoLose.
(Note:
inyourReferenceslist,onlythefirstwordofatitlewillbecapitalized:
Writingnewmedia.)
∙Whencapitalizingtitles,capitalizebothwordsinahyphenatedcompoundword:
Natural-BornCyborgs.
∙Capitalizethefirstwordafteradashorcolon:
"DefiningFilmRhetoric:
TheCaseofHitchcock'sVertigo."
∙Italicizeorunderlinethetitlesoflongerworkssuchasbooks,editedcollections,movies,televisionseries,documentaries,oralbums:
TheClosingoftheAmericanMind;TheWizardofOz;Friends.
(4)ShortQuotations
Ifyouaredirectlyquotingfromawork,youwillneedtoincludetheauthor,yearofpublication,andthepagenumberforthereference(precededby"p.").Introducethequotationwithasignalphrasethatincludestheauthor'slastnamefollowedbythedateofpublicationinparentheses.
AccordingtoJones(1998),"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime"(p.199).Jones(1998)found"studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"(p.199);whatimplicationsdoesthishaveforteachers?
Iftheauthorisnotnamedinasignalphrase,placetheauthor'slastname,theyearofpublication,andthepagenumberinparenthesesafterthequotation.Shestated,"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,"(Jones,1998,p.199),butshedidnotofferanexplanationastowhy.
(5)LongQuotations
Placedirectquotationslongerthan40wordsinafree-standingblockoftypewrittenlines,andomitquotationmarks.Startthequotationonanewline,indentedfivespacesfromtheleftmargin.Typetheentirequotationonthenewmargin,andindentthefirstlineofanysubsequentparagraphwithinthequotationfivespacesfromthenewmargin.Maintaindouble-spacingthroughout.Theparentheticalcitationshouldcomeaftertheclosingpunctuationmark.
Jones's(1998)studyfoundthefollowing:
StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttimecitingsources.Thisdifficultycouldbeattributedtothefactthatmanystudentsfailedtopurchaseastylemanualortoasktheirteacherforhelp.(p.199)
(6)SummaryorParaphrase
Ifyouareparaphrasinganideafromanotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreference,butAPAguidelinesencourageyoutoalsoprovidethepagenumber(althoughitisnotrequired.)
AccordingtoJones(1998),APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners.
APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners(Jones,1998,p.199).
10.4In-TextCitations:
Author/Authors
PAstylehasaseriesofimportantrulesonusingauthornamesaspartoftheauthor-datesystem.Thereareadditionalrulesforcitingindirectsources,electronicsources,andsourceswithoutpagenumbers.
(1)CitinganAuthororAuthors
AWorkbyTwoAuthors:
Namebothauthorsinthesignalphraseorintheparentheseseachtimeyoucitethework.Usetheword"and"betweentheauthors'nameswithinthetextandusetheampersandintheparentheses.
ResearchbyWegenerandPetty(1994)showed....
(Wegener&Petty,1994)
AWorkbyThreetoFiveAuthors:
Listalltheauthorsininparenthesesthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.
(Kernis,Cornell,Sun,Berry,&Harlow,1993)
Insubsequentcitations,onlyusethefirstauthor'slastnamefollowedby"etal."intheparentheses.
(Kernisetal.,1993)
(inetal.,etshouldnotbefollowedbyaperiod.)
SixorMoreAuthors:
Usethefirstauthor'snamefollowedbyetal.inthesignalphraseorinparentheses.
Harrisetal.(2001)argued...
(Harrisetal.,2001)
UnknownAuthor:
Iftheworkdoesnothaveanauthor,citethesourcebyitstitleinthesignalphraseorusethefirstwordortwointheparentheses.Titlesofbooksandreportsareitalicizedorunderlined;titlesofarticlesandchaptersareinquotationmarks.
Asimilarstudywasdoneofstudentslearningtoformatresearchpapers("UsingAPA,"2001).
OrganizationasanAuthor:
Iftheauthorisanorganizationoragovernmentagency,mentiontheorganizationinthesignalphraseorintheparentheticalcitationthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.
AccordingtotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(2000),...
Iftheorganizationhasawell-knownabbreviation,includetheabbreviationinbracketsthefirsttimethesourceiscitedandthenuseonlytheabbreviationinlatercitations.
Firstcitation:
(MothersAgainstDrunkDriving[MADD],2000)
Secondcitation:
(MADD,2000)
TwoorMoreWorksintheSameParentheses:
Whenyourparentheticalcitationincludestwoormoreworks,orderthemthesamewaytheyappearinthereferencelist,separatedbyasemi-colon.
(Berndt,2002;Harlow,1983)
AuthorsWiththeSameLastName:
Topreventconfusion,usefirstinitialswiththelastnames.
(E.Johnson,2001;L.Johnson,1998)
TwoorMoreWorksbytheSameAuthorintheSameYear:
Ifyouhavetwosourcesbythesameauthorinthesameyear,uselower-caseletters(a,b,c)withtheyeartoordertheentriesinthereferencelist.Usethelower-caseletterswiththeyearinthein-textcitation.
ResearchbyBerndt(1981a)illustratedthat...
Introductions,Prefaces,Forewords,andAfterwards:
WhencitinganIntroduction,Preface,Foreword,orAfterwardin-text,citetheappropriateauthorandyearasusual.
(Funk&Kolln,1992)
PersonalCommunication:
Forinterviews,letters,e-mails,andotherperson-to-personcommunication,citethecommunicatorsname,thefactthatitwaspersonalcommunication,andthedateofthecommunication.Donotincludepersonalcommunicationinthereferencelist.
(E.Robbins,personalcommunication,January4,2001).
A.P.SmithalsoclaimedthatmanyofherstudentshaddifficultieswithAPAstyle(personalcommunication,November3,2002).
(2)CitingIndirectSources
Ifyouuseasourcethatwascitedinanothersource,nametheoriginalsourceinyoursignalphrase.Listthesecondarysourceinyourreferencelistandincludethesecondarysourceintheparentheses.
Johnsonarguedthat...(ascitedinSmith,2003,p.102).
Note:
Whencitingmaterialinparentheses,setoffthecitationwithacomma,asabove.
(3)ElectronicSources
Ifpossible,citeanelectronicdocumentthesameasanyotherdocumentbyusingtheauthor-datestyle.
Kenneth(2000)explained...
UnknownAuthorandUnknownDate:
Ifnoauthorordateisgiven,usethetitleinyoursignalphraseorthefirstwordortwoofthetitleintheparenthesesandusetheabbreviation"n.d."(for"nodate").
Anotherstudyofstudentsandresearchdecisionsdiscoveredthatstudentssucceededwithtutoring("TutoringandAPA,"n.d.).
(4)SourcesWithoutPageNumbers
Whenanelectronicsourcelackspagenumbers,youshouldtrytoincludeinformationthatwillhelpreadersfindthepassagebeingcited.Whenanelectronicdocumenthasnumberedparagraphs,usethe:
symbol,ortheabbreviation"para."followedbytheparagraphnumber(Hall,2001:
5)or(Hall,2001,para.5).Iftheparagraphsarenotnumberedandthedocumentincludesheadings,providetheappropriateheadingandspecifytheparagraphunderthatheading.Notethatinsomeelectronicsources,likeWebpages,peoplecanusetheFindfunctionintheirbrowsertolocateanypassagesyoucite.
AccordingtoSmith(1997),...(MindoverMattersection,para.6).
Note:
NeverusethepagenumbersofWebpagesyouprintout;differentcomputersprintWebpageswithdifferentpagination.
10.5FootnotesandEndnotes
FootnotesandEndnoteshavetheirownformatforthedocumentationofsources:
Insteadofthein-textparentheticalcitationusedbyAPA,endnotesandfootnotesareindicatedattheendofawordorsentencebytheuseofsmallsuperscriptnumerals.
Ifyouusemorethanonenotationwithinapageorpaper,placethenumeralsinorder(1,2,3)that