APA Format.docx

1、APA Format10. Compiling Citation and BibliographyContents:What is APAIn-Text Citations: The BasicsIn-Text Citations: Author/AuthorsFootnotes and EndnotesReference List: Basic RulesReference List: Author/AuthorsReference List: Articles in PeriodicalsReference List: BooksReference List: Other Print So

2、urcesReference List: Electronic SourcesReference List: Other Non-Print Sources10.2 APA FormatWhat is APA Format? APA (American Psychological Association) is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 5th edition of the APA manual (2008), of

3、fers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.10.3 APA Citation Basics(1) APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998)

4、found or Jones (1998) has found(2) Parentheses CitationsWhen using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the authors last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text. E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in

5、 the reference list at the end of the paper.If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference. (3) In-T

6、ext Citation Capitalization, Quotes, and Italics/Underlining Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and

7、 Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.) When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words

8、 in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs. Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcocks Vertigo. Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The

9、 Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. (4) Short QuotationsIf you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by p.). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the auth

10、ors last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.According to Jones (1998), Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time (p. 199). Jones (1998) found students often had difficulty using APA style (p. 199); what implications does this have for

11、 teachers? If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the authors last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, Students often had difficulty using APA style, (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.(5)

12、 Long QuotationsPlace direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent

13、 paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.Joness (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first ti

14、me citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)(6) Summary or ParaphraseIf you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publ

15、ication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998,

16、 p. 199).10.4 In-Text Citations: Author/AuthorsPA style has a series of important rules on using author names as part of the author-date system. There are additional rules for citing indirect sources, electronic sources, and sources without page numbers. (1) Citing an Author or AuthorsA Work by Two

17、Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word and between the authors names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) showed.(Wegener & Petty, 1994)A Work by Three to Five Authors: L

18、ist all the authors in in parentheses the first time you cite the source.(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)In subsequent citations, only use the first authors last name followed by et al. in the parentheses.(Kernis et al., 1993) (in et al., et should not be followed by a period.)Six or Mo

19、re Authors: Use the first authors name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Harris et al. (2001) argued.(Harris et al., 2001)Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. T

20、itles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters are in quotation marks. A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (Using APA, 2001). Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the

21、organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.According to the American Psychological Association (2000), .If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use o

22、nly the abbreviation in later citations.First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving MADD, 2000)Second citation: (MADD, 2000)Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated

23、by a semi-colon.(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-

24、case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that.Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwards: When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterwa

25、rd in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.(Funk & Kolln, 1992)Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not includ

26、e personal communication in the reference list.(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). (2) Citing Indirect SourcesIf you use a source that was cited in another

27、 source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.Johnson argued that.(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above.(

28、3) Electronic SourcesIf possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.Kenneth (2000) explained.Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parent

29、heses and use the abbreviation n.d. (for no date).Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring (Tutoring and APA, n.d.). (4) Sources Without Page NumbersWhen an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will

30、help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the : symbol, or the abbreviation para. followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001: 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the ap

31、propriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.According to Smith (1997), . (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).Note: Never use the page numbers of

32、 Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination.10.5 Footnotes and EndnotesFootnotes and Endnotes have their own format for the documentation of sources: Instead of the in-text parenthetical citation used by APA, endnotes and footnotes are indicated at the end of a word or sentence by the use of small superscript numerals. If you use more than one notation within a page or paper, place the numerals in order (1, 2, 3) that