工商管理施工成本中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

工商管理施工成本中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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工商管理施工成本中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译

TheContractor'sRoleinBuildingCostReductionAfterDesign

Ithasbecomeevidentfromrecentnewsarticlesthatinflationarypressuresandincreasedconstructionactivityarecausingmanybuildingprojectstocomeinwelloverowner'sbudgets.Thistrendhasincreaseddramaticallyoverthepastfewyears,asmuchoftheconstructionindustryhasbeenimpactedbyanunprecedentedincreaseinthecostofconstruction.Thehistoricalrateofincreaseinconstructioncosthasbeenunderfivepercentperyear,asreportedbytheEngineeringNewsRecord.Overthelastfewyears,theindustryhasseenasignificantincreasefromhistoricalescalationrates,upto10-15percentperyearinmanyregionsoftheUS.Theseincreaseshavebeencausedbyavarietyoffactors,includingthefollowing.

•ShortageofsteelresultingfromrapidgrowthinChina.

•DemandformaterialsintheUSresultingfromincreasedhurricanedamage.

•Risingoilpricesleadingtohighermanufacturingandtransportationcost.

•Risinglaborcostbecauseofincreasedconstructionactivity.

Tobesuccessfulinhavingoverbudgetprojectsawarded,thebuildingcontractorhashadtotakeaproactiveroleinworkingwithownersanddesignteamstoreduceprojectcosttoamountsthatownersareabletoaward.Thiscostreductionisnormallyaccomplishedthroughthefollowingmethods.

•valueengineering;

•scopereduction;

ValueEngineering

Valueengineering（VE）hasbeendefinedasasystematicmethodtoimprovethevalueofgoodsandservicesbyusinganexaminationoffunction.Value,asdefined,istheratiooffunctiontocost.Valuecanthereforebeincreasedbyeitherimprovingthefunctionorreducingthecost.

Itisaprimarytenetofvalueengineeringthatqualitynotbereducedasaconsequenceofpursuingvalueimprovements.VEisaprocessoriginatingatGeneralElectricCompany（GE）duringWorldWarII.Becauseofshortagesofskilledlabor,rawmaterials,andcomponentparts,engineersatGE

lookedforacceptablealternatesandoftenfoundsubstitutionsthatresultedinreducedcostsand/orproductimprovement.

GEdevelopedasystematicprocessthattheycalledvalueanalysis.OvertheyearsthenamegraduallychangedtoVE.ThebasicstepsofVEincludethefollowing：

•Informationgathering:

projectrequirementsdefined,functionanalysis.

•Alternates:

variouswaysofmeetingtherequirementsandfunctions.

•Evaluation:

assessmentofalternatesonhowwelltheymeetrequirementsandcostssavings.

•Presentation:

selectionofbestalternativestobepresentedtoclientfordecisions.

TrueVEevaluateslifecyclecostssuchasinitialcost,maintenancecost,operationalcost,lifespan,timevalueofmoney,replacementcost,andfrequencyofreplacement.VEcanbeundertakenatanystageofthebuildingdesignprocess;however,itismosteffectiveintheearlystages,sinceitislesscostlytomakechangestopreliminarydocuments.

ScopeReduction

Scopereductioninvolvesidentifyingareasoftheprojectscopeofworkthatcanbereducedinquality,quantity,orbothinamannerthatisacceptabletotheowner.

Scopereductionitemsofworkoftenconsistofmaterialorequipmentsubstitutionsthatlowerthecostoftheproject,butmaynotbeanequalsubstitute.Anexampleofquantityscopereductionwouldbetoreducethegutteringsystemonapitchedrooffromtheentireroofperimetertoentrancesonly.Aqualityscopereductionexamplewouldbetoprovidevinylcompositionfloortiles（VCT）inlieuofceramicfloortiles.

Afteraprojecthasbeendeterminedtobeoutofbudgetbecauseofhighbids,theprojectisnormallyeithercancelled,redesignedandre-bid,ornegotiationsareheldwiththelowbiddertoreachanacceptablecontractamount.Forthebuildingcontractorthatisselectedfornegotiations,thisisanopportunitytomovetowardprojectawardandtoalsobuildarelationshipoftrustandopennesswiththeowneranddesignteamthatcouldleadtofutureprojects.

First,thebuildingcontractorshouldmeetwiththeowneranddesignteamtofullyunderstandtheownersprojectrequirements,priorities,lifecycleconsiderations,andbudget.

Next,thebuildingcontractor'sroleistousehisestimatingandconstructionexpertisetoanalyzevariouscomponentsandsystemswithintheprojectforalternatesolutions.Thecontractorshouldalsobringinkeysubcontractorsandsupplierswhoareoftenabletoidentifyalternatematerialsand/orsystemswithintheirspecialties.EachdivisionofworkshouldbeexaminedandevaluatedforVEsolutions.Inpastyears,thisprocessandservicewasconsideredpartofthebuildingcontractorsoverhead.However,intoday'smarket,somecontractorswillnegotiateratesandbereimbursedforthetimeandeffortthattheyspendinthisprocessintheeventthatthe

projectisnotawardedtothem.

Theworkbreakdownstructure（WBS）canbeahelpfultooltothebuildingcontractorinanalyzingthevariouscomponentsandsystemswithinabuildingproject.TheWBSisatree-typestructureoffunctionalsystemsusedtoclassifytheprojectonalevel-by-levelbasis.Thisbreakdownstructurefacilitatestheevaluationofeachsystemoftheprojectfromthebuildingfoundationstothecompletedsitework.

QuestionstoAskorAreasand/toConsiderbyWBS

Thissectionprovidesalistofareasforthebuildingcontractortoexamineand/orquestionstoaskintheWBSsystemlevelformatforcostsavingalternatives.Someofthesechangescanbeaccomplished

withoutmajorre-designcostandincorporatedintotheconstructiondocumentsintheformofanaddendum.Otherchangeslistedwouldrequireextensivere-designandtimedelays.

SUBSTRUCTURE

—Havealternatetypesoffoundationsystembeenconsidered?

•woodpilesinlieuofprecast;

•drilledcaissonsvs.piles;

•matfoundationsinplaceofpilesorcaissons.

—Evaluatesandbaseinplaceofgravelorstoneunderslabongrade.

SUPERSTRUCTURE

—Havealternatetypesofbuildingstructuresbeenevaluated?

•structuralsteel,precastconcrete,castinplaceconcrete,lightgaugesteelframingorwoodframingsystems.

—CompareAlternateStairSystems.

•steelpanstairsvs.precastconcreteorcastinplaceconcrete.

EXTERIORCLOSURE

—Evaluateexteriorwallsystems.

•Lightgaugemetalframinginlieuofreinforcedconcretemasonryunits.

•Canwallwidthsorgaugesbereduced?

—Comparesheathingsystems.

•Fibersheathingsinplaceofcementboards.

—Reviewalternatewallinsulationsystems.

•Battinsulations,rigidinsulationmaterials,loosefillblockinsulation.

—Consideralternateexteriorwallveneers.

•Conventionalstuccoversusexteriorinsulationfinishsystem.

•Brickorprecastinlieuofstone.

—Evaluatealternateglazingsystems.

•Canexteriorglazedareasbereduced?

•Storefrontsinlieuofcurtainwallsifcodeallows.

•Paintedaluminuminlieuofstainlesssteelorbrassframing.

—Reviewexteriorentrances.

•Manualentrancedoorsinplaceofautomaticentrances.

•Automaticentrancesinlieuofrevolvingdoors.

•Cedarentrancedoorsratherthanmahogany.

—Examineexteriorrailingsystems.

•aluminumorcablesystemsinlieuofglass;

•standarddesignsinplaceofcustomelements;

ROOFING

—Evaluatethespecifiedroofingwithalternativematerials.

•Combinedmetaldecking/insulationsystemsinlieuofseparatesystems.

•Interiorbattinsulationinplaceofrigidroofinsulation.

•Built-uproofingvs.singleplymembranes.

•Fiberglassorconcretetilesinlieuofclaytiles.

•Paintedmetalsinplaceofcopper.

•Canthespecifiedgaugeofmetalroofingbelowered?

•Eliminateorreducethegutteringsystem?

•Canskylightsbereducedorstyleschanged?

•Arestandardwarrantiesspecified?

INTERIORCONSTRUCTION

—Examineinteriorwallsystems.

•Canlightgaugemetal-framedwallsbeusedinlieuofconcretemasonryunits?

•Canwallthicknessesorgaugesbereduced?

•Aredrywallsystemsbeingusedinlieuofplaster?

Examineinteriordoorsandhardware.

•Arethespecifieddoorsstandardsizesorcustom?

•Havealternatewooddoorspeciesbeenconsidered?

•Havealternatehardwarestylesormanufacturersbeencompared?

•Canmanualdoorsbeusedinlieuofautomatic?

•Arethedoorspre-machinedforhardwareinstallation?

•Comparepre-finishingdoorswithfinishingon-site.

—Reviewinteriorspecialties.

•Havealternatetypesoftoiletpartitionsbeenconsidered?

•Prefinishedmetalsvs.plasticlaminates.

•Canvinylcornerguardsbeusedratherthanmetal?

•Metallockersvs.wood.

•Havespecialpartitionsbeenevaluated?

•Plasticveneersinlieuofwood.

•Canthesoundratingbereduced?

•Deferinstallation?

•Hastheaccessflooringsystembeenevaluated?

•Standardfloorfinishesratherthancustom?

INTERIORFINISHES

—Evaluateinteriorwallfinishes.

•Paintedwallfinishesinlieuofwallcovering.

•Epoxycoatingsinplaceoftilefinishes.

•FRPinsteadofstainlesssteel.

•Aretextureddrywallsystemsbeingusedratherthanplaster?

—Examineinteriorfloorfinishes.

•Resilientflooringvs.ceramicorwood.

•Ceramicflooringinlieuofstone.

•Tileorstoneinplaceofterrazzo.

•Alternatecarpetmanufacturers.

—Reviewalternateceilingfinishes.

•Standardceilingvs.custom.

•Fiberceilingvs.metal.

CONVEYINGSYSTEMS

—Reviewspecifiedelevatorsandescalators.

•Havealternatemanufacturersbeenconsidered?

•Arestandardinteriorelevatorcabfinishesspecifiedorcustom?

•Canglasswallsbeeliminated?

•Arestandardwarrantiesspecified?

SITEPREPARATION

•Hasasiteworkanalysisbeenperformedtobalancecutsandfills.

SITEIMPROVEMENTS

•Canpavedareasbereducedormoreeconomicalpavingmaterialsused?

•Hasresurfacing