专题16 科普类说明文三年高考英语试题附解析801795.docx
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专题16科普类说明文三年高考英语试题附解析801795
2015-2017年高考英语分项解析精编版专题16
科普类说明文
2017高考题
科普知识类
[2017·北京卷]
D
Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil（邪恶的）mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence（AI）maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制论）,putitthisway:
“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere（干预）,wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”
Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:
awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.
Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:
wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.
SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron induced（中子诱导）nuclearchainreaction.
67．Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay________．
A．runoutofhumancontrol
B．satisfyhuman'srealdesires
C．commandarmiesofkillerrobots
D．workfasterthanamathematician
68．Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto________．
A．preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed
B．achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependently
C．doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders
D．beathumansininternationalchessmatches
69．Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto________．
A．helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter
B．besecureagainstevilhumanbeings
C．keepmachinesfrombeingharmed
D．avoidrobots'affectingtheworld
70．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?
A．ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.
B．Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.
C．Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.
D．Itwillstayforadecade.
【文章大意】本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能（AI）可能会超出人类的控制。
67．A 段落大意题。
第一段第二句说“人工智能虽然擅长完成任务，但这有可能不是我们真正想要的”。
因此选A。
【名师点睛】
推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。
它包括判断题和推理题。
这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。
此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。
推理判断题的解题方法：
推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。
任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。
推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：
已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。
[2017·江苏卷]
B
Beforebirth，babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother'svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教），birdscouldruletheroost.AsrecentlyreportedinTheAuk：
OrnithologicalAdvances，somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoungtosingevenbeforetheyhatch（孵化）.New bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmum'scallwithinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.
Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer，abiologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia，andhercolleagues.FemaleAustraliansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragainwhilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched，thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme！
”call.
Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds，theresearcherssoughtthered backedfairywren，anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firsttheycollectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalysingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks，rankingthembysimilarity.
Itturnsoutthatbabyred backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheirmums.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs，themoresimilarwerethebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition，theteamsetupaseparateexperimentthatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmum'svoicewererewardedwiththemostfood.
Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignalneurological（神经系统的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn.“Asaparent，doyouinvestinqualitychildren，ordoyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed？
”Kleindorferasks.“Ourresultssuggestthattheymightbegoingforquality.”
58．TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means“________”．
A．betheworstB．bethebest
C．bejustasbadD．bejustasgood
59．WhatareKleindorfer'sfindingsbasedon?
A．Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmumsandchicks.
B．TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.
C．ThedatacollectedfromQueensland'slocals.
D．Controlledexperimentsonwrensandotherbirds.
60．Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich________．
A．canreceivequalitysignals
B．areinneedoftraining
C．fittheenvironmentbetter
D．maketheloudestcall
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。
文章介绍了一项新发现：
幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。
母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音，则它们获得的食物奖励就越多。
58.B 词义猜测题。
第一段将人类婴儿与幼鸟进行了对比，画线词组所在句上文讲出生前人的辨别声音的能力很强，下文讲一些母鸟在幼鸟被孵化之前就教它们学唱歌了。
据此可以判断，在胎教方面，鸟儿的表现是最好的，推测“ruletheroost”意为“bethebest”，故选B项。
59.A 细节理解题。
根据第二段第三句“Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilarchirptotheirmothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular‘feedme！
’call.”可知，当这些幼鸟被孵化出来的时候，它们也发出了和它们的妈妈类似的鸣叫。
据此可知，SoniaKleindorfer的发现是以母鸟和幼鸟叫声的相似点为基础的，故选A项。
【名师点睛】
猜测词义题概况
词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考必考的题型。
它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。
考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。
一、题型特点与命题方式：
此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。
因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。
联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。
近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。
命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。
【命题趋势】
1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。
2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。
例如第65题。
3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。
用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
解题思路
做这种类型的题目，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。
因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。
命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。
考点：
考查科普说明文阅读
[2017·江苏卷]
D
Oldproblem，newapproaches
Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife，globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions（排放）peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday，wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.
Whenitcomestoadaptation，itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard，buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast，theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat：
“Thereisno‘one sizefitsall’adaptation.”Nevertheless，therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.
Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways，especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot for profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries，schools，andhealthclinics，andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity（连接）toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel：
hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.
ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfie
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