专题16 科普类说明文三年高考英语试题附解析801795.docx

1、专题16 科普类说明文三年高考英语试题附解析8017952015-2017年高考英语分项解析精编版专题16科普类说明文2017高考题科普知识类 2017北京卷DHollywoods theory that machines with evil(邪恶的) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving s

2、omething other than what we really want. In 1960 a wellknown mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that t

3、he purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not inborn, nor is it something introduced by humans;

4、 it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who migh

5、t interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concen

6、trate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is

7、 secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out

8、 of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teamsyet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that

9、possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist

10、Leo Szilard invented the neutroninduced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.67Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may _Arun out of human controlBsatisfy humans real desiresCcommand armies of killer robotsDwork faster than a mathematician68Machines with specific purposes are associated

11、with living things partly because they might be able to _Aprevent themselves from being destroyedBachieve their original goals independentlyCdo anything successfully with given ordersDbeat humans in international chess matches69According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to _Ahelp super inte

12、lligent machines work betterBbe secure against evil human beingsCkeep machines from being harmedDavoid robots affecting the world70What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?AIt will disappear with the development of AI.BIt will get worse with human interference.C

13、It will be solved but with difficulty.DIt will stay for a decade.【文章大意】 本文为科普类文章，讲的是随着科技的发展，人工智能 (AI)可能会超出人类的控制。67A段落大意题。第一段第二句说“人工智能虽然擅长完成任务，但这有可能不是我们真正想要的”。因此选A。【名师点睛】推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文

14、的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。推理判断题的解题方法 ：推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。 2017江苏卷BBefore birth，babies c

15、an tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mothers voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their youn

16、g to sing even before they hatch (孵化). Newborn chicks can then imitate their mums call within a few days of entering the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fa

17、iry wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researcher

18、s sought the redbacked fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analysing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls pro

19、duced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies begging calls. In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that su

20、ggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mums voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent，do you inves

21、t in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”58The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “_”Abe the worst Bbe the bestCbe just as bad Dbe just as good59What are Kleindorfers findings based on?ASimil

22、arities between the calls of mums and chicks.BThe observation of fairy wrens across Australia.CThe data collected from Queenslands locals.DControlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which _Acan receive quality signals Bare in ne

23、ed of trainingCfit the environment better Dmake the loudest call【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音，则它们获得的食物奖励就越多。58. B词义猜测题。第一段将人类婴儿与幼鸟进行了对比，画线词组所在句上文讲出生前人的辨别声音的能力很强，下文讲一些母鸟在幼鸟被孵化之前就教它们学唱歌了。据此可以判断，在胎教方面，鸟儿的表现是最好的，推测“rule the roost”意为“be the be

24、st”，故选B项。59. A细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular feed me！ call.”可知，当这些幼鸟被孵化出来的时候，它们也发出了和它们的妈妈类似的鸣叫。据此可知，Sonia Kleindorfer的发现是以母鸟和幼鸟叫声的相似点为基础的，故选A项。【名师点睛】猜测词义题概况 词义猜测是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考必考的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文

25、，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。考生应学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。一、题型特点与命题方式：此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨、整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测难度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。【命题趋势】1.要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。

26、2.要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。例如第65题。3.代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。 解题思路做这种类型的题目，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。考点：考查科普说明文阅读 2017江苏卷DOld problem，new approachesWhile clean energy is increa

27、singly used in our daily life，global warming will continue for some decades after CO2 emissions (排放) peak. So even if emissions were to begin to decrease today，we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change. Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adapt

28、ation.When it comes to adaptation，it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard，but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least，the US National Climate Assessment says that：“There is no ones

29、ize fits all adaptation.” Nevertheless，there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways，especially in some poor countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity wh

30、ere others saw only disaster. His notforprofit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries，schools，and health clinics，and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But

31、he is also working at a far more fundamental level：his staff show people how to make floating gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known

32、as the Ice Man. The loss of glaciers (冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops. Norphels inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored until the spring. His fie