旅游英语课件 Economic Impact of Tourism.docx

旅游英语课件 Economic Impact of Tourism.docx

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旅游英语课件EconomicImpactofTourism

Unit2EconomicImpactofTourism

Thetravelandtourismindustryisanindustryofrelativelyrecentdevelopmentinmanycountries.Manycountrieshavenowrecognizedtheimportanceofthisindustry.Itdefinitelyhasasignificantimpactonacountry’seconomy.Tourismprovidesbenefitsforbothtouristsandhostcountrythroughtheeconomicbenefitsitcanbringtotheregion.

Tourismcanprovidemanyeconomicincentivesfordevelopment.Thedevelopmentoftourism,especiallyinadevelopingcountry,requirestheexistenceofinfrastructureofroads,electricityandwatersupplies,communicationnetworks,andperhaps,airports,aswellashotelaccommodations,andotherfacilitiesspecifictotourism.

Tourismgivessignificantcontributiontoacountry’sregionalandnationaleconomiesintermsofthecapacitytoattractinvestment,createemployment,generateforeignexchangeearnings,improvebalanceofpayments,andcreatemultipliereffectsthroughouttheeconomy.

Theeconomicbenefitsoftourismwillalwaysbringeconomicbenefits,asthereareeconomicproblemsandcosts.Thegreatertheoverallrelianceontourismasadominantindustry,thegreatertheoverallrelianceontourismasadominantindustry,thegreatertherisksandcostsaretotheeconomyofacountry.Developingcountriesmaybemorevulnerabletotheboom-and-bustcharacteristicsofthetravelandtourismindustrythanlocalitymustundertakeitsownanalysisandassesswhetherornottourismwillhaveapositiveinfluenceontheireconomy.

TheMultiplierEffectsofTourism

Theeconomicimpactoftourismisbothdirectandindirect.Thedirecteffectcomesfromtheactualmoneyspentbytouristsatadestination.Itisobviousthatthereismarkedincreasesinrevenueinareaswheretourismispromoted,suchastheaccommodationsector,thetransportationsector,andthecateringsector.However,onemustrememberthatotherindustriesalsobeneficindirectlyfromtourism.

Touristsspendmoneyonhotelsandotherformsofaccommodation.Theypatroniselocalshopsandrestaurants;theybuylocaltours;theypurchaselocalhandicraftsandsouvenirs;andtheyuselocaltransportationandotherservices.

Theinflowofrevenuegeneratesadditionalturnover,householdincome,employmentandgovernmentrevenue.Amultipliereffectissetinmotionasthebusinessestablishmentsrespendthemoneywhichtheyhavereceivedfromtourists.Theprovidersofservicesusethemoneytopurchasecapitalequipment,topaytheiremployeeswagesandsalaries,topayrent,interestandtaxes,andtopaysuppliersforgoodsandservices.Thesecondrecipients,bothbusinessestablishmentsandindividuals,respendpartofthisrevenue,andfurtherroundsofexpenditureoccurasthetouristdollarscontinuetochangehands.

Themoneyasitfiltersthroughtheeconomy,willcontinuetobespentandberespentuntil“leakage”occurs.Thishappenswhenthemoneyissavedbytheindividualandistakenoutofcirculationasfarasthegenerationofincomeisconcerned.Someemployeeswhoarenotlocalresidentsmaysendmoneyhome.Inothercases,companieswhohavetheirheadofficesintheirhomecountriesmaysendmoneybacktotheheadoffice.

Also“leakage”occurswhenmoneyisusedopayforimportedgoodsandservices.Forexample,whentouristsformAustraliatraveltochina,theymaydemanditemstheyareusedtoathome,theymaywantsteaks.IfChinadoesnothavebeefofasuitablequality,ithastoimportsteadstosatisfythetourists.WhenahotelinBeijingpaysforsteaksimportedformAustralia,theeconomicimpactisfeltinAustraliaandnotinChina.

Themorethatacountrycancutdownonimportsresultingfromtourism,thegreaterwillbetheeconomicimpactoftourisminthatcoun-try.Inotherwords,themoreacountrycanhavethetouristsbuysouvenirsmadelocally,eatfoodproducedlocally,andstayinhotelscoun-try.Inotherwords,themoreacountrycanhavethetouristsbuysouvenirsmadelocally,eatfoodproducedlocally,andstayinhotelsconstructedoflocalmaterials,themorethetouristmoneywillstayinthecountry.

Ananexample,atouristwhocomesfromtheUnitedStatespays900yuaninaBeijinghotelforhisroomandfood,thehotelownertakestoo900yuanandusessomeofittopaythefoodsupplier,andsomeofittopaythewagesoftheemployees.Thefoodsupplier,inturn,willpaythefarmerforthevegetableswhiletheemployeespendsyuanisincreased.Thebenefitshavebeenpassedontotheagriculturalandtheclothingindustries.

Thisprocesscontinuesthroughsuccessiveroundsofspendinguntilthemultiplierhasworkeditswaythroughthesystem.Foradevelopedcountryittakeslongertimeforthe“rounds”ofactivitytopermeatethroughouttheeconomy.IthasbeenestimatedintheU.S.economy,ittakes13to14roundsoftransactionsbeforethemoneydisappears,andthatprobablynomorethanfiveofsixofthoseroundstakesplacewithinthefirstyear.Ontheotherhand,intheBahamasandBermuda,theinitialinjectionofmoneydisappearswithinhalfayearwithnomorethanfiveorsixroundsoftransactions.

Anotherfactorthatmightinfluencethemultiplier’svalueisthetypeoftouristreceivedbythehostcountry.Differenttypesoftouristshavedifferentspendingpatterns.Businessexecutives,forexample,mayspendagreaterproportionoftheirtotalexpendituresonaccommodationsthanbackpackers.

Ifthehotelwherethedelegatesstayedisaforeigninvestment,themultipliervalueishighinemployment,putlowinincome.Afinalmultiplierwillthenbetheweightedtotalofthemultipliersforeachtouristsegment.

Thesizeofthetourismmultiplierdependsupontheextenttowhichthetouristsectorshavedevelopedtheirbackwardlinkagestothelocalindustriesinconstruction.

Developingcountriestendtobuyfewgoodsandservicesfromthedomesticsectors,andasaresulthaveahighpropensitytoimport.Inthiscase,themultipliereffectisrelativelysmallerinthesecountriesthaninothercountrieswherethesesectorsaremorecloselyintgratedintothelocaleconomy.thesizeofthetouristmultiplierandthemagnitudeoftheimpactmadebytourismonaneconomycanbeincreasediftheexistinglinkagesbetweenthetravelandtourismindustryandtherestoftheeconomyarestrengthened.

Generally,moredevelpedcountriesexhibitlowerleakagesduetotheexistinginfrastructure,laborskills,andtechnology.InSwitzerland,thereisalowleakageduetoahighdegreeoflocalownershipandcontrolsonforeigninvestors.Lessdevelopedcountriesexhibitthehighestkeakageduetolowlevelsofcontrolandthereturningofprofitsbacktoforeigncountries.

EconomicBenefits

Thefollowingexonomicbenefitshavebeenidentified:

●improvingbalanceofpayment,

●creatingemployment,

●generatingincome,

●encouragingsmallbusinessdevelopment

Works

incentivesomethingwhichencouragesonetogreateractivity刺激；鼓励

infrastructurethesystemorstructureswhicharenecessaryfortheoperationofa

countryoranorganization基础结构；基础设施

reliancedependence依靠，依赖

vulnerable（ofaplaceorthing）weak;abletobeeasilyattacked脆弱的，易受攻击的

bustacompletefailure完全失败

facetanyofthemanypartsofasubjecttobeconsidered;aspect（事物的）一个方面

localityaparticularneighborhood,place,ordistrict地区

revenueincome,esp.thatwhichthegovernmentreceivesastax收入；（尤指）国家税收

catertoprovidewhatisneededorwantedby为……提供服务

inflowtheactorprocessofflowinginorinto,somethingthatflowsinorinto流入；流入量

turnovertheamountofbusinessboneinaparticularperiod,measuredinmoney,therateatwhichaparticularkindofarticleissold（某一时期的）营业额；成交量，售出额

recipientsomeonewhoreceivesorisreceptive接受者

leakagetheactoraninstanceofleaking漏泄

permeatetospreadorpassthroughorintoeverypart（常与into，through连用）渗入；透入

backpackersomeonewhohikewhilecarryingabackpack背着背包徒步旅行者

propensity（fordoing/todosth）（fml文）inclinationortendency倾向；习性

AdditionalReading

TextAEconomicMultipliers

DirectEffect

Inadditiontothedirectimpactoftourismexpendituresonanareas,therearealsoindirectimpacts.Theindirectormultiplierimpactcomesintoplayasvisitorspendingcirculatesandrecirculates.Thedirecteffectsaretheeasiesttounderstandastheyresultfromthevisitorsspendingmoneyintouristenterprisesandprovidingalivingfortheownersandmanagersandcreatingjobsforemployees.

IndirectEffect

Thisvisitorexpendituregivesrisetoanincomethat,inturn,leadstoachainofexpenditure-income-expenditureandsoon,untilleakagesbringthechaintoahalt.Consequently,theimpactoftheinitialincomederivedfromthetourist’sexpenditureisusuallygreaterthantheinitialincome,becausesubsequentroundsofspendingarerelatedtoit.Forexample,askierpurchasesaliftticketfor$30.Thismoneyreceivedbytheskiareawillbeusedtopaythewagesoftheliftoperators.Theliftoperatorspendsthemoneyongroceries;thegrocerusesthemoneytopaypartofhisrenttothelocallandlady;thelandladyusesittopayforherdrycleaning;thedrycleanerspendsitinarestaurantforadinner;therestaurantownerspendsitforsteaksshippedinfromKansasCity;andthecyclestopsasthemoneyislosttothelocaleconomy.Thislasttransactionisknownas“leakage”fromtheeconomy.

Thecombinationofthedirectandindirecteffectsofanexpenditurepatterndeterminestheimpact.Inatypicalsituationnotalloftheincomegeneratedineachroundofexpenditureisespent.Someportiontendstobesaved,andsomeportiontendstobespentoutsidethelocaleconomy.Thegreatertheproportionofincomespentlocally,thegreaterwillbethemultiplie