旅游英语课件 Economic Impact of Tourism.docx

1、旅游英语课件 Economic Impact of TourismUnit2 Economic Impact of TourismThe travel and tourism industry is an industry of relatively recent development in many countries. Many countries have now recognized the importance of this industry. It definitely has a significant impact on a countrys economy. Touris

2、m provides benefits for both tourists and host country through the economic benefits it can bring to the region.Tourism can provide many economic incentives for development. The development of tourism, especially in a developing country, requires the existence of infrastructure of roads, electricity

3、 and water supplies, communication networks, and perhaps, airports, as well as hotel accommodations, and other facilities specific to tourism.Tourism gives significant contribution to a countrys regional and national economies in terms of the capacity to attract investment, create employment, genera

4、te foreign exchange earnings, improve balance of payments, and create multiplier effects throughout the economy.The economic benefits of tourism will always bring economic benefits, as there are economic problems and costs. The greater the overall reliance on tourism as a dominant industry, the grea

5、ter the overall reliance on tourism as a dominant industry, the greater the risks and costs are to the economy of a country. Developing countries may be more vulnerable to the boom-and-bust characteristics of the travel and tourism industry than locality must undertake its own analysis and assess wh

6、ether or not tourism will have a positive influence on their economy.The Multiplier Effects of TourismThe economic impact of tourism is both direct and indirect. The direct effect comes from the actual money spent by tourists at a destina tion. It is obvious that there is marked increases in revenue

7、 in areas where tourism is promoted, such as the accommodation sector, the transportation sector, and the catering sector. However, one must remember that other industries also benefic indirectly from tourism.Tourists spend money on hotels and other forms of accommodation. They patronise local shops

8、 and restaurants; they buy local tours; they purchase local handicrafts and souvenirs; and they use local transportation and other services.The inflow of revenue generates additional turnover, household in come, employment and government revenue. A multiplier effect is set in motion as the business

9、establishments respend the money which they have received from tourists. The providers of services use the money to purchase capital equipment, to pay their employees wages and salaries, to pay rent, interest and taxes, and to pay suppliers for goods and services. The second recipients, both busines

10、s establishments and individuals, respend part of this revenue, and further rounds of expenditure occur as the tourist dollars continue to change hands.The money as it filters through the economy, will continue to be spent and be respent until “leakage” occurs. This happens when the money is saved b

11、y the individual and is taken out of circulation as far as the generation of income is concerned. Some employees who are not local residents may send moneyhome. In other cases, companies who have their head offices in their home countries may send money back to the head office.Also “leakage” occurs

12、when money is used o pay for imported goods and services. For example, when tourists form Australia travel to china, they may demand items they are used to at home, they may want steaks. If China does not have beef of a suitable quality, it has to import steads to satisfy the tourists. When a hotel

13、in Beijing pays for steaks imported form Australia, the economic impact is felt in Australia and not in China.The more that a country can cut down on imports resulting from tourism, the greater will be the economic impact of tourism in that coun-try. In other words, the more a country can have the t

14、ourists buy souvenirs made locally, eat food produced locally, and stay in hotels coun-try. In other words, the more a country can have the tourists buy souvenirs made locally, eat food produced locally, and stay in hotels constructed of local materials, the more the tourist money will stay in the c

15、ountry.An an example, a tourist who comes from the United States pays 900 yuan in a Beijing hotel for his room and food, the hotel owner takes too 900 yuan and uses some of it to pay the food supplier, and some of it to pay the wages of the employees. The food supplier, in turn, will pay the farmer

16、for the vegetables while the employee spends yuan is increased. The benefits have been passed onto the agricultural and the clothing industries.This process continues through successive rounds of spending until the multiplier has worked its way through the system. For a developed country it takes lo

17、nger time for the “rounds” of activity to permeate throughout the economy. It has been estimated in the U.S. economy, it takes 13 to 14 rounds of transactions before the money disappears, and that probably no more than five of six of those rounds takes place within the first year. On the other hand,

18、 in the Bahamas and Bermuda, the initial injection of money disappears within half a year with no more than five or six rounds of transactions.Another factor that might influence the multipliers value is the type of tourist received by the host country. Different types of tourists have different spe

19、nding patterns. Business executives, for example, may spend a greater proportion of their total expenditures on accommodations than backpackers.If the hotel where the delegates stayed is a foreign investment, the multiplier value is high in employment, put low in income. A final multiplier will then

20、 be the weighted total of the multipliers for each tourist segment.The size of the tourism multiplier depends upon the extent to which the tourist sectors have developed their backward linkages to the local industries in construction.Developing countries tend to buy few goods and services from the d

21、omestic sectors, and as a result have a high propensity to import. In this case, the multiplier effect is relatively smaller in these countries than in other countries where these sectors are more closely intgrated into the local economy.the size of the tourist multiplier and the magnitude of the im

22、pact made by tourism on an economy can be increased if the existing linkages between the travel and tourism industry and the rest of the economy are strengthened.Generally, more develped countries exhibit lower leakages due to the existing infrastructure, labor skills, and technology. In Switzerland

23、, there is a low leakage due to a high degree of local ownership and controls on foreign investors. Less developed countries exhibit the highest keakage due to low levels of control and the returning of profits back to foreign countries.Economic BenefitsThe following exonomic benefits have been iden

24、tified: improving balance of payment, creating employment, generating income, encouraging small business developmentWorks incentive something which encourages one to greater activity刺激；鼓励infrastructure the system or structures which are necessary for the operation of a country or an organization基础结构

25、；基础设施reliance dependence依靠，依赖vulnerable (of a place or thing) weak; able to be easily attacked脆弱的，易受攻击的bust a complete failure完全失败facet any of the many parts of a subject to be considered; aspect（事物的）一个方面locality a particular neighborhood, place, or district地区revenue income, esp. that which the gove

26、rnment receives as tax收入；（尤指）国家税收cater to provide what is needed or wanted by 为提供服务inflow the act or process of flowing in or into, something that flows in or into流入；流入量turnover the amount of business bone in a particular period, measured in money, the rate at which a particular kind of article is s

27、old（某一时期的）营业额；成交量，售出额recipient someone who receives or is receptive接受者leakage the act or an instance of leaking漏泄permeate to spread or pass through or into every part（常与into，through连用）渗入；透入backpacker someone who hike while carrying a backpack背着背包徒步旅行者propensity （for doing/to do sth）(fml文)inclination

28、 or tendency倾向；习性Additional ReadingText A Economic MultipliersDirect EffectIn addition to the direct impact of tourism expenditures on an areas, there are also indirect impacts. The indirect or multiplier impact comes into play as visitor spending circulates and recirculates. The direct effects are

29、the easiest to understand as they result from the visitors spending money in tourist enterprises and providing a living for the owners and managers and creating jobs for employees.Indirect EffectThis visitor expenditure gives rise to an income that, in turn, leads to a chain of expenditure-income-ex

30、penditure and so on, until leakages bring the chain to a halt. Consequently, the impact of the initial income derived from the tourists expenditure is usually greater than the initial income, because subsequent rounds of spending are related to it. For example, a skier purchases a lift ticket for $

31、30. This money received by the ski area will be used to pay the wages of the lift operators. The lift operator spends the money on groceries; the grocer uses the money to pay part of his rent to the local landlady; the landlady uses it to pay for her dry cleaning; the dry cleaner spends it in a rest

32、aurant for a dinner; the restaurant owner spends it for steaks shipped in from Kansas City; and the cycle stops as the money is lost to the local economy. This last transaction is known as “leakage” from the economy.The combination of the direct and indirect effects of an expenditure pattern determines the impact. In a typical situation not all of the income generated in each round of expenditure is espent. Some portion tends to be saved, and some portion tends to be spent outside the local economy. The greater the proportion of income spent locally, the greater will be the multiplie