大学英语四级考试真题.docx

大学英语四级考试真题.docx

《大学英语四级考试真题.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《大学英语四级考试真题.docx（6页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

大学英语四级考试真题

2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题

SectionB

　　Directions:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattavchedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2

　　Essay-grandingSoftwareOfficersProfessorsaBreak

　　[A]Imaginetakingacollegeexam,andinsteadofhandinginabluebookandgettingagradefromaprofessoerafewweekslater,clickingthe“send”buttonwhenyouaredoneandreceivingagradebackinstantly,youressayscoredbyasoftwareprogram.Andthen,insteadofbeingdonewiththeexam,imaginethatthesystemwouldimmediatelyletyourewritethetesttotrytoimproveyourgrade.

　　[B]Edx,thenonprofitenterprisefoundedbyHarvardandtheMassachusettsInstituteofThnology（MIT）tooffercoursesontheInternet,hasjustintroducedsuchasystemandwillmakeitsautomated（自动的）softwareavailablefreeontheWebtoanyinstitutioonsthatwantstouseit.Thesoftwareusesartificialintelligencetogradestudentessaysandshortwrittenanswers,freeingprofessorsforothertasks.

　　[C]Thenewservicewillbringtheeducationalconsortium（联盟）intoagrowingconflictovertheroleoftheautomationeducation.Altoughautomatedgradingsystemsformultiple-choiceandtrue-falsetestsarenowwidespread,theuseofartificialintelligencetechnologytogradeessayanswershasnotyetprovidedwidespreadacceptancebyeducationsandhasmanycritics.

　　[D]AnantAgarwal,anelectricalengineerwhoispresidentofEdx,predictedthattheinstantgradingsoftwarewouldbeausefulteachingtool,enablingstudentstotaketestsandwriteessaysoverandoverandimprovethequalityoftheiranswers.Hesaidthetechnologywouldofferdistinctadvantagesoverthetraditionalclassroomsystem,wherestudentsoftenwaitdaysorweeksforgrades.“Thersisahugevalueinlearningwithinstantfeedback,”Dr.Agarwalsaid,“Studentsaretellingustheylearnmuchbetterwithinstantfeedback.”

　　[E]Butskeptics（怀疑者）saytheautomatedsystemisnomatterforliveteachers.Onelongtimecritic,LesPerelman，hasdrawnnationalattentionseveraltimesforputtingtogethernonsenseessaysthathavefooledsoftwaregradingprogramsintogivinghighmarks.Hehasalsobeenhighlycriticalofstudiesclaimingthatthesoftwarecompareswelltohumangrades.

　　[F]Heisamongagroupofeducatorswholastmonthbegancirculatingapetition（呼吁）opposingautomatedassessmentsoftware.Thegroup,whichcallsitselfProfessionalsAgainstMachineScoringofStudentEssaysinHigh-StakesAssessment,hascollectednearly2,000signatures,includingsomefromfamouspeoplelikeNoamChomsky.

　　[G]“Let’sfacetherealitiesofautomaticessayscoring,”thegroup’sstatementreadsinpart.“Computerscannot‘read’.Theycannotmeasuretheessentialsofeffectivewrittencommunication:

accuracy,reasoning,adequacyofevidence,goodsense,ethical（伦理）position,convincingargument,meaningfulorganization,andclarity,amongothers.”

　　[H]ButEdXexpertsitssoftwaretobewidelybyschoolsanduniversities.ItoffersfreeonlineclassesfromHarvard,MITandtheUniversityofCalifornia-Berkeley;thisfall,itwilladdclassesfromWellesley,GeogetownandtheUniversityofTexas.Inall,12universitiesparticipateinEdX,whichofferscertificatesforcoursecompletionandhassaidthatitplanstocontinuetoexpandnextyear,includingaddinginternationalschools.

　　[I]TheEdXassessmenttoolrequireshumanteachers,orgraders100essayoressayquestions.Thesystemthenusesavarietyofmachine-learningtechniquestotrainitselftobeabletogradeanynumberofessaysoranswersautomaticallyandalmostinstantly.Thesoftwarewillassignagradedependingonthescoringsystemcreatedbytheteacher,whetheritisalettergradeornumerical（数字的）rank.

　　[J]Edxisnotthefirsttousetheautomatedassessmenttechnology,whichdatestoearlycomputersinthe1960s.thereisnowarangeofcompaniesofferingcommercialprogramstogradewrittentestanswers,andfourstates—Louisiana,NorthDakota,UtahandWestVirginia—areusingsomeformofthetechnologyinsecondschools.Afifth,Indiana,hasexperimentedwithit.Insomecasesthesoftwareisusedasa“secondreader”,tocheckthereliabilityofthehumangraders.

　　[K]ButthegrowinginfluenceoftheEdxconsortiumtosetstandardsislikelytogivethetechnologyaboost.OnTuesday,StanfordannouncedthatitwouldworkwithEdXtodevelopajointeducationalsystemthatwillmakeuseoftheautomatedassessmenttechnology.

　　[L]Twostart-ups,CourseraandUdacity,recentlyfoundedbyStanfordfacultymemberstocreate“massiveopenonlinecourses,”orMOOCs,arealsocommittedtoautomatedassessmentsystemsbecauseofthevalueofinstantfeedback.“itallowsstudentstogetimmediatefeedbackontheirwork,sothatlearningturnsintoagame,withstudentsnaturallygravitating（吸引）towardresubmittingtheworkuntiltheygetitright,”saidDaphneKoller,acomputerscientistandafounderofCoursera.

　　[M]LastyeartheHewlettFoundation,agrant-makingorganizationsetupbyoneoftheHewlett-Packardfoundersandhiswife,sponsoredtwo$100,000Prizesaimedatimprovingsoftwarethatgradesessayandshortanswers.Morethan150teamsenteredeachcategory.AwinnerofoneoftheHewlettcontents,VikParuchurtwashiredbyEdXtohelpdesignitsassessmentsoftware.

　　[N]“Oneofourfocusistohelpkidslearnhowtothinkcritically,”saidVuchic,aprogramofficerattheHewlettFoundation.“It’sprobablyimpossibletodothatwithmultiple-choicetests”.Thechallengeisthatthisrequireshumangraders,andsotheycostalotmoreandtheytakealotofmoretime.

　　[O]MarkD.Shermis,aprofessorattheUniversityofAkroninOhio,supervisedtheHewlettFoundation’scontestonautomatedessayscoringandwroteapaperabouttheexperiment.Inhisview,thetechnology—thoughimperfect—hasaplaceineducationalsettings.

　　[P]Withincreasinglargeclass,itisimpossibleformostteacherstogivestudentsmeaningfulfeedbackonwritingassignments,hesaidPlus,henoted,criticsofthetechnologyhavetendedtocomefromthenation’sbestuniversities,wherethelevelofteachingismuchbetterthanatmostschools.

　　[Q]“Oftentheycomefromveryfamousinstitutionswhere,infact,theydoamuchbetterjobofprovidingfeedbackthanamachineovercould,”Dr.Shermissaid.“Thereseemstobealackofappreciationofwhatisactuallygoingonintherealworld.”

　　注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

　　46Someprofessorsineducationarecollectingsignaturestovoicetheiroppositiontoautomatedessaygrading.

　　47usingsoftwaretogradestudents’essaysavesteacherstimeforotherwork.

　　48theHewlettcontestsaimatimprovingessaygradingsoftware.

　　49Thoughtheautomatedgradingsystemiswidelyusedinmultiple-choicetests,automatedessaygradingisstillcriticizedbymanyeducators.

　　50Somepeopledon’tbelievethesoftwaregradingsystemcandoasgoodajobashumangraders.

　　51Criticsofautomatedessayscoringdonotseemtoknowthetruerealitiesinlesesfamousuniversity.

　　52Criticsarguemanyimportantaspectsofeffectivewritingcannotmeasuredbycomputerratingprograms.

　　53Asclasssizegrows,mostteachersareunabletogivestudentvaluablecommentsastohowtoimprovetheirwriting.

　　54Theautomatedassessmenttechnologyissometimesusedtodoublechecktheworkofhumangraders.

　　55Studentsfindinstantfeedbackhelpstheirlearningconsiderably.SectionC

　　Directions:

Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.

　　PassageOne

　　Question56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

　　Acrosstherichworld,well-educatedpeopleincreasinglyworklongerthantheless-skilled.Some65%ofAmericanmenaged62-74withaprofessionaldegreeareintheworkforce,comparedwith32%ofmenwithonlyahigh-schoolcertificate.Thisgapispartofadeepeningdividebetweenthewell-educationwelloffandtheunskilledpoor.Rapidtechnologicaladvancehasraisedtheincomesofthehighlyskilledwhilesqueezingthoseoftheunskilled.Theconsequences,forindividualandsociety,areprofound.

　　Theworldisfacingasastonishingriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.Overthenext20yearstheglobalpopulationofthoseaged65ormorewillalmostdouble,from600millionto1.1billion.Theexperienceofthe20thcentury,whengreaterlongevity（长寿）translatedintomoreyearsinretirementratherthanmoreyearsatwork,haspersuadedmanyobserversthatthisshiftwillleadtoslowereconomicgrowth,whiletheswellingranksofpensionerswillcreategovernmentbudgetproblems.

　　Butthenotionofasharpdivisionbetweentheworkingyoungandtheidleoldmissesanewtrend,thegrowinggapbetweentheskilledandtheunskilled.Employmentratesarefallingamongyoungerunskilledpeople,whereasolderskilledfolkareworkinglonger.ThedivideismostextremeinAmerica,wherewell-educatedbaby-boomers（二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人）areputtingoffretirementwhilemanyless-skilledyoungerpeoplehavedroppedoutoftheworkforce.

　　Thateventhebetter-offmustworklongertohaveacomfortableretirement.Butthechangingnatureofworkalsoplaysabigrole.Payhasrisensharplyforthehighlyeduc