012 The Rise to Power P1723.docx

012 The Rise to Power P1723.docx

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012TheRisetoPowerP1723

01.2The（raise:

vt.->）Rise（vi.）toPower国力的崛起

01.2.1Of（=On）Race（=competition）and（front->）Frontiers国力的竞争和领土扩张

（With）thewar（was）over（=Afterthewarwasfinished/over南北战争结束后）,thenationalgovernment（was）consolidated（=enhanced/strengthened巩固）itspower（政权）andAmericanschangedakey（=important）verb（are->is）.Beforethewarandinrecognition（n.承认）ofthepowerofthestates,peopleusedthepluralform:

“TheUnitedStatesare…”Afterthewar,withthenation（unite->union）achieved（vt.实现了国家的统一）,theysubstituted（=replaced取代）thesingularform（is）:

“TheUnitedStatesis…”

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Box1.2TheGettysburgAddress（=speech演讲）

Fourscore[

（1）二十;

（2）n.分数;（3）vt.得分]andsevenyearsagoourfathers（=founder祖先）broughtforth（=broughtabout带来）onthiscontinent,anewnation,conceived（构思）inLiberty（n.自由）,anddedicatedtothe（propose:

vt.建议->）proposition（=proposal/belief主张）thatallmenarecreatedequal（所有人生而平等）.Nowweareengagedin（=involvedin）agreatcivilwar,testing（考验）whetherthatnation,oranynationsoconceivedandsodedicated,canlongendure（经受长期的考验）.Wearemetonagreatbattle-fieldofthatwar.Wehavecometodedicateaportion（=part）ofthatfield,asafinalrestingplaceforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthatnationmightlive（=exist）.Itisaltogetherfittingandproperthatweshoulddothis.But,inalargersense,wecannotdedicate–wecannotconsecrate（奉献）--wecannothallow（把视为神圣）--thisground.Thebravemen,livinganddead,whostruggledhere,haveconsecrated（使…变得神圣）it,faraboveourpoorpowertoadd（=praise表演）ordetract（贬低,评判）.Theworldwilllittle（=seldom:

adv.很少）note（=notice注意）,norlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butit（=theworld）canneverforgetwhattheydidhere.Itisforustheliving,rather,tobededicatedhereto（专注于）theunfinishedwork（未尽的事业）whichtheywhofoughtherehavethusfarsonobly（=obviously）advanced（=promoted推进）.Itisratherforustobeherededicatedto（=devoteoneselftosth.投身于…事业）thegreattaskremainingbefore（=facing摆在我们面前的）us--thatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreaseddevotion（专注于）tothatcause（事业）forwhichtheygavetheirlastfullmeasure（=means手段）ofdevotion（献出了最后一滴血）--thatweherehighlyresolve（决心）thatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain（徒劳）--thatthisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom（获得自由的新生）--andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople（民有，民治，民享的政府）,shallnotperish（=disappear消失）fromtheearth.

AbrahamLincoln,1863

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In1867,theUSpurchasedAlaskafromRussiaandthegovernmentbegantoreconstructtheSouthinthenationalimage（形象）.Threeconstitutionalamendments（修正案）（13th,14th,15th）--duringtheperiodcalledReconstruction（重建时期）--freed（vt.）theslaves,providedcitizenship（公民权）,andgavethevotetoblackmen（seeAppendix）.

Southernwhitesrespondedbyrequiring（illiterate文盲的<->literate识字的->）literacy（n.识字）testsandpolltaxes（人头税）forvoting,leasing（=settingfree释放）convicts（=prisonersofwar战俘,囚犯）toprivateindividuals（解甲归田）,refusingtoallowblackstositonjuries（陪审团）,andorganizingtheKuKluxKlan（三K党）.In1877,Southernresistancehadexhausted（vt.耗尽->~pipe排气管）governmenteffortsandled（=forced）PresidentRutherfordB.Hayestoend（=finish）Reconstructionandannounce（宣布）thattheSouthwouldbeleftalonetodealwithits“negro（黑奴/黑鬼）problem.”[Letitalone,anditwillletyoualone.你不惹它，它不惹你！

]Bythe1890s,lynch（私刑）mobs（暴徒）killedover（=morethan）ahundredAfricanAmericansayear.Then,in1896,theUSSupremeCourtruled（裁决,规定）that“separatebutequal”schoolrooms,hospitals,libraries,hotel（accommodate接纳->）accommodations（住宿）,andstreetcars（有轨电车）wereinthespiritoftheConstitution.Thenationwasofficiallysegregated（discriminate隔离,歧视）.

Duringthelastquarterofthenineteenthcentury,thecountryfilledup（=expanded）as（=when）thegovernmenthelpeditself,railroadinterests,andhomesteaders（自耕农）tothelandIndianshadbelievedtobetheirs“aslongas（只要）thewindblows,aslongasthegrassgrows,aslongastheriversflow”--asrantheofficialphrasingusedintreatiesgranting（=permitting准许,授权）property（财产<->poverty:

n.贫穷）rightstoIndiantribes.Thegovernment’sresolve（n./vt.决心）tofinishtheIndianwarswasaccelerated（加速）byanevent（事件）thatoccurred（=appeared）duringthenation’s[cent-:

（1）百分之一;

（2）一百]centennial（百年的）celebration.InlateJune1876alongtheLittleBigHornRiverinMontanaterritory,abrash（傲慢的）armycolonel（上校）setouttodestroyagroupofIndians.Surprisedbyoneofthelargestconcentrations（聚集）oftribesinthehistoryoftheWest,GeorgeArmstrongCusterandhiscommandofsome250menwerekilledbytheforcesofSittingBull,CrazyHorseandRainin-the-Face.Whitescriedfor（号召）revenge,and,todestroyIndianresistance（抵抗）andculture,armysnipers（狙击手）helpedprofessionalhunterskillnearly30millionbuffaloes.Thewarsendedwiththesurrender（投降）ofGeronimoandhisgroupofApaches（印第安人的一支系）in1886.

TheWestbelongedtothewhiteman.Lawsallowedhomesteaderstosettleon160acres,withoutcost,iftheywouldcultivate（耕种）theland.Manyfamiliesbuiltlittlehousesontheprairie（北美大草原plain）andbeganfarming（农业）.Railroadcompaniesreceivedenormous（=huge）subsidies（补贴）intheformoflandgrants（vt./n.土地使用的授权）--10–40squaremilesoflandforeachmileofrailroadbuilt,anareaequaltoone-sixthofallWesternlands.Timber（木材）andminingcompaniesweresooncuttinganddiggingeverywhere.Duringthecowboyera（=times时代）,herdsofcattleweredrivenfromthegrazingfieldsinTexastostockyards（牲畜栏）andslaughterhouses（屠宰场）intheMidwest.

In1893,historianFrederickJacksonTurnerputforthhis“frontierthesis（论点,论文）”thattheexperienceofisolation（与外界隔离）andthe（available可得到的->）availabilityoffreelandhadshapedAmericandemocracyandinstitutions（政府结构）（Turner,1966）.Turnerinscribed（刻写）thefrontier（国境,边疆,边境）asthecrucible（坩锅）wheretheAmericantraits（个性,特征）ofindividualism（自由主义）and（acquire:

vt.获得->）acquisitiveness（=greed贪婪）originatedandhedescribed（描述）thecentralplacefrontiersoccupyintheAmericanimagination[特纳认为，边疆是一个大熔炉，冶炼出美国人自私和贪婪的特性,而开疆拓土在美国人意识中具有举足轻重的重要性].Therhetoric（修辞,虚夸的言辞）ofthefrontiercontinuesincontemporaryAmericaas（when）leadersspeakofforeignpolicyorbusinesschallengesasnewfrontierstobeexplored,conquered,andmadesafe（有待探索，开垦和确保的国家利益）.

1.2.2TheGildedAge（镀金时代）

ThefirsttranscontinentalrailroadconnectingSanFrancisco（旧金山）withNewYorkCitywascompletedin1869.By1900,theUnitedStateshad258,000milesoftrack（=railway）,one-thirdofalltherailroadmileage（里程）intheworld.Railroadcompaniesmerged（联合）withinvestmentbankingfirmsandlargecorporate（社团,法人的）lawfirmstohelpcreatemodernmanagerial（管理上的）capitalism（资本财团）.JohnD.Rockefeller’soilcompanyandAndrewCarnegie’ssteelfactoriesledthewaybyintegrating（结合）productionprocessestocontrolallaspectsoftheproductionofasingleproduct（verticalintegration纵向结合）ortogain（=get）amonopoly（垄断）overasinglestepinproduction（horizontalintegration横向结合）.Infact,developmentssped（加速）alongsofastthattheindustrialistsandbankers,whosawthemselvesas“industrialstatesmen（政治家）,”seemedtobe“robberbarons（男爵,强盗式资本家）”tothegeneralpublic.WriterMarkTwaincalledtheperiodTheGilded（镀金）Age（1873）becausetheriseofhugeindustry,bigcities,andcommercelookedgolden;buttoscratchoff（抢夺）thegoldrevealed（=showed显示）onlytheuglinessofbase（=humble）（卑贱的）metal.

Thephilosophy（意识）ofthemarketplacereflectedtheera'sconservative（保守的）tone（n.基调->tune:

vt.调台）as（因为）economicpolicyfollowedfreemarketprinciples.Thislaissez-faire（=letitdo放任主义,资本主义的自由竞争）approach（=method）stressedself-sufficiency（自给自足）andself-interest（=selfishness自私自利）inaclimate（=atmosphere）oflimitedgovernmentalintervention（干涉）,exceptingtariff（关税）protectionininternationaltrade.TheAmericancreed（信条）ofequalopportunitycontributedtothis,butsodidthebeliefinnaturalselection（物竞天择）andevolutionarychangeputforthbyCharlesDarwinandadapted[adaptoneselftotheenvironment改编->adaptor适配器<->adopt采用，收养]intoaphilosophythatnaturallaws（=junglelaw自然法则,森林法则）govern（=control）people'splace（=status）insociety--labeledbyHerbertSpenceras“（survive->）survivalofthefittest（适者生存）.”Then,WilliamGrahamSumnersummarized（总结）thesebeliefsbyarguingthatthe（acquire->）acquisitionofprivatepropertywasthemostimportantgoalforindividuals.AndrewCarnegiealsopromoted（recommend推荐）this“Gospel[〈圣经·新约〉福音书]ofWealth”andagreedthatanygovernmentinterference（干涉）--suchaswelfare（福利）--hindered（阻碍）progressandhurtsocietybecauseinanyfreesocietyoperatingunderevolutionaryprinciples,wealthandpowerwouldnaturallygotothosemostdeserving（值得的）ofit.

Astheyhavedonethroughouttheirhistory--in[change<->alter->alternate:

交替出现->]alternating（交替出现）cycles（周期）ofliberalreformsandconservativeretrenchments（删除）--Americanslookedattheircountryandadjustedit.Anewtypeofinvestigative[journal=magazine杂志->journalism新闻学->journalist新闻工作者,专栏作家]journalism（新闻学/杂志）ledtheway（引领了社会潮流）,withsocialcommentary（评论）andphotographs,suchasJacobRiis'sHowtheOtherHalfLives（1890）,LincolnSteffen'sTheShameoftheCities（1904）,andUptonSinclair'sTheJungle（1906）.Americanssearchedfororder,calledfor（号召,呼唤）governmentaction,andconsidered（solve->）solutions（解决方案）toreformcommunity（=society）inthefaceof（=facing）unprecedentedimmigration,i