外语毕业论文秘密花园.docx

外语毕业论文秘密花园.docx

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外语毕业论文秘密花园

从《秘密花园》看伯内特的生态意识

摘要：

自工业革命以来,物质文明得到极速发展,但随之而来的环境问题也越来越严重。

特别在当今社会，环境问题已成为一个威胁人类生存发展的重大问题,迫切需要得到解决。

在这种社会背景下,文学领域也掀起了一场生态批评之风。

在英语儿童文学里，《秘密花园》是公认的无年龄界限的精品,也是一部打通雅俗之间界限的文学作品，既入严肃文学的殿堂,也是流行市场的赢家。

在英国它被收入牛津《世界经典丛书》。

论文旨在从生态批评的角度来研究弗朗西斯·霍奇森·伯内特在《秘密花园》中对自然的描写及该作品中所包含的生态意识。

论文首先对生态批评的理论作出概述，随后对文本作具体的分析来探索伯内特对人与自然的关系的看法。

关键词：

秘密花园；生态意识;人与自然的关系

ＲeveｌaｔionofFrancesHｏdgsｏnＢurnetｔ’s

Ecｏ-consｃiousneｓsintｈe　SeｃreｔGarden

Ａbstract

The　centraltaｓkｏf　thisｐａperｉｓtoeｘploｒe　hoｗnaｔｕre　ｉｓdeｓcribｅd　bｙFrancｅsHodｇsonBurｎetａndwhathｅrｅcologicalattiｔudｅtowarｄ　nａturecontaｉns　inherwork—ThｅSeｃretＧａrdeｎ.Ｔhrougｈｔｈｉsstudy，　wehoｐeｔogａina　ｖｉew　oｆ　Burnett’ｓ　ecｏ-coｎsｃiouｓneｓsｆｒoｍanｅco-cｒiticalpersｐectiveaｎd　abｅtteｒｕndersｔａndingofBurnｅtｔwhｏ　conｃｅrｎsmｏreａｂouｔ　the　haｒmonｙ,mｕtualｂenefｉtaｎdｅquａliｔybetweenmaｎanｄ　natureratｈeｒthan　man’ｓmaｓｔeｒｙoveｒｏtheｒformsoｆ　life．Itｂｅgｉnswiｔｈａprimaｒystudy　of　thｅｅco-criｔiｃalthｅorｙaｎdthenｔurnsto　ｔｈeanａｌysisof　ｓeveralrｅpresentaｔive　cｈaractersｔo　reｖealｔheecoｌoｇicａｌtheｍe　in　thiｓnovel.　Thelｉterarｙａnalyseｓofthispaperallcentersontheｒｅｌａtiｏnshｉpbeｔweｅnmaｎaｎdnａture.

Keyｗords:

ThｅSｅcretＧarｄeｎ；ecｏ-ｃonsciｏusnesｓ;relatioｎsｈｉｐ　betwｅｅn　maｎ　anｄ　ｎａtｕre

Aｃｋnoｗledgeｍenｔs

Ｆirsｔaｎｄ　foremｏsｔ，　Iwiｓh　toeｘpressｍy　sｉncere　ｇrａtｉtudｅ　ｔomy　suｐervｉｓor,lecturer　Wu　Ling.Witｈouｔhｉｓｇuidａｎce,suppoｒtａnd　enｃoｕｒaｇementthroｕghｏutｔheprｏcess,thisthesisｗouldｎeｖerhａve　becomea　rｅａlity.　

TheｎI　ｗouｌd　ｌiｋｅtｏ　thank　aｌlthｅteacherｓofEnｇｌishDeｐartment　atSiｃhuanInterｎationａｌ　ＳｔuｄｉeｓUnｉｖersity　（SISＵ）.Ｔｈeirinstｒucｔioｎｓａｎd　guidａncｅhａveｍademy　fouryears　atｔｈｉsunｉverｓiｔy　atｒulyrｅwａrdｉngexpｅｒieｎce.　

Mysｐecｉalgｒatｉｔudｅ　ａlsｏgoestｏmycｌａsｓmatesfoｒthｅircareiｎmｙ　liｆeａndｆortｈeir　inｓｉgｈtｆulｉdeaｓ　inｍｙleaｒninｇ.

Laｓt　butnｏtthｅleast,Iwoulｄalso　lｉketosiｎcereｌｙthankmyparenｔsandgrandｐareｎｔsfor　gettinｇ　ｍｅhereａndkeepｉng　megoiｎgallｔｈeyears.

Contenｔs

中文摘要………………………………………………………………………．.i

Ａbsｔract………………………………………………………………………....ｉi

Aｃknowledｇeｍｅnｔs…………………………………………………………….iiｉ

Inｔroducｔｉon……………………………………………………………………．.1

I.ＡＢrieｆInｔｒoduｃtiｏn　tｏ　Eｃo-criticism………………………………………3

A.Ecology…………………………………………………………………3

B.Ｅcｏ-crｉtｉcｉsm…………………………………………………………….4

C.The　Siｇｎｉficance　ｏfEcｏ-crｉtｉｃｉsmｉnＬiterarｙＣriｔicism………………．.4

II.Eｃｏ-criｔiｃisｍand　Burｎｅtt’ｓTheSecret　Ｇaｒden…………………………….6

A.Bｕrnett’sEmotionaｌTieswｉｔhNａture…………………………………..6

B.Nａturｅ　inTheSｅｃretGａrｄeｎ……………………………………………6

C.Eco－ｃonscｉousnessin　Ｔhe　Secｒet　Garden……………………………….7

1.TｈeRelａｔｉonship　BetwｅeｎMaｎaｎdNature………………………．．７

2.ＡｎthrｏpocentrｉcCoｎsciouｓｎｅsｓanｄＥco-cenｔｒism………………..1２

Cｏnclｕsｉon……………………………………………………………………..15Ｎoｔes…………………………………………………………………………..．17

Bibｌｉogrａphy…………………………………………………………………..．20

RevelationofFｒanｃes　HodgsoｎBｕrnett’s　Eco-consｃiousnessiｎ　TｈｅSeｃret　Gａrｄen

Ｉnｔｒoduｃtｉon

Sｉnｃe　beｉnｇｆｉrｓtｐｕblｉshｅdｉntｈeＵS　in　19１1,TheSecｒeｔＧarden　ｂyＦrancｅsHodｇsonＢurｎｅtthａs　ｂｅｅnagreat　senｓａtion.Thｅpopｕlarnovelhasｎot　oｎｌydｒaｗnmuｃｈatｔeｎtion　froｍthｅｒeadeｒsａｎｄcritiｃｓ,butaｌsohaｓbeenｕsｅdasteaｃhingmateriaｌinpｒimaｒｙgreads　ａndｈigh　scｈｏolｓ.Althoughｉtis　aｃhilｄren’sworｋ，tｈeＳecretGａrdeｎhasattrａcｔｅｄalaｒgeaｍountofadulｔreaders.Ｉtisnot　oｎlｙ　a　simpｌｅwoｒkfｏrchｉldｒen,　ｂuｔa　volｕmｅofWｏrld’sClａssicｐubliｓhｅd　ｂｙOｘfｏrdＵｎiveｒｓｉtｙPrｅｓs．　Thereforｅ,ｔｈepｒominencｅoｆ　thｉsboｏk　ａroｕses　ｍyinｔerｅsttoexploreｔhｉswｏrk.

Thｉs　workofFｒancesＨodgsonBurnetｔｈａsbeｅnｉnteｒpｒetｅdfｒoｍ　awidｅｖaｒｉetyｏfcｒiticaｌｐｅrspecｔｉveｓ.Ａmong　thesｅ　ｅxpｌｏratiｏns,tｈerearesoｍｅpapeｒｓtｈａtfocuｓｍainly　oｎ　ｔherｅlatioｎshｉｐｂｅtweｅｎ　ｍａnａnｄnａｔure.Thｅseｐapｅrｓrevealｔhｅtｈeme　viｖiｄｌｙand　oｒigiｎalｌy．Hoｗevｅr,　theseauｔhorsdonoｔapply　thetheoryｏfeｃo-ｃriticismtothｅirpaｐers，ｔｈｕs　reｖealingthｅthemｅｔo　be　iｎｃomplete.Theｙ　reveaｌeｄonlｙ　tｈemutualbeｎefｉtrelaｔiｏnshipbｅtweｅnmananｄnature.Aｃtuａｌly，Burｎeｔｔ’seco-ｃonsciouｓnｅsscｏntainsfar　ｍoｒethanthat,forｉt　ａｌso　ｃoveｒsmｕtualｉty,harmｏnyaｎｄｅqｕaｌity．Theｒeforeitisnecessaｒy　foｒｕsto　ｅｘplｏreBｕrnett’s　eco-ｃonsciｏusnｅsｓ　ｆｒomanewliｔｅraryｃriticaｌｐｅｒspｅctｉve—eco-cｒiticiｓm，whichis　pａrｔiculaｒｌyｓuitabｌe　ｆｏrｌiｔｅrarycriticismiｎthe　ｃontｅxt　of　ｇｌoballyenｖironmentaｌdeterioratｉoｎaｎd　estabｌｉshｉｎｇ　ｏuｒharmｏnｉous　soｃiety.

Therefｏre,thｅmaintａｓｋｏｆtｈｉspaper　iｓtoexploｒeBurnett’sｅco－consｃiouｓnｅsｓ,whiｃhisoｆ　grｅatsiｇnifiｃaｎｃeinviｅwoｆｔhe　curｒｅnt　ｅnviｒonｍeｎtａｌｓｉｔｕatiｏnaｎd　human　ｂeｉngｓ’ｆuｔure，ｄeeplyａｎdcｏｍｐlｅteｌy，ｆromanewperspective—eｃｏ-criticｉsｍ.

Ｔｈis　ｔhesｉsiｓdiviｄed　inｔofoｕrparts.Ｔhefｉrst　part　isaninｔroducｔion　ｗhichsｔaｔｅｓ　thepｕｒｐose，ｍａｉｎtａskｏfthispaｐeｒ，　aｎdｔｈestructure　oｆ　ｔhｉｓpapｅr.Ｉnthesecondpart，tｈｅ　aｕthor　geｎeralｌyｅxplａins　tｈelitｅrarytheoryｏf　ecｏ-crｉｔiciｓmonwhichthｅstudｙｉsbased.Inthe　thiｒｄｐarｔ,thｅ　ｐaper　revealｓtｈereｌaｔiｏnsｈipbetwｅenmanand　naｔureinthisnoveliｎoｒdertogaiｎa　ｂｅｔtｅrｕnderstandingofBurnｅtｔ’sｅｃo-consciouｓnｅｓｓ.Herｔhｏughtsof　ｔhemuｔualiｔyaｎdequaｌitｙbｅtweｅｎｍanａndnaｔureｉlｌuｓtratewhaｔ　modernenvironｍenｔal　ｍｏvemｅnｔssuggｅｓｔａndｓupport.Finalｌｙ,theconclusioｎｇｉvesａsumｍary　of　this　tｈesｉｓ．

Ⅰ.ABｒiefIntｒｏduｃｔiontoEｃｏ－ｃｒiticism

A.Eｃoｌogy　

Tｈeecolｏｇｉcaｌ　ｃｏncepｔdａｔｅsｂacｋtｏ　thｅ　rｏmantｉciｓmeｒa　in　the１8ｔhorthe１9th　cｅｎtuｒy,ｉnwhicｈKeatｓ,　Ｂyron,anｄShellｙ　wｅrｅｔheoutstandｉngｒｅprｅsentatives.　Theｙwereactiｖe　and　triedｖｅryhard　tohａvｅｔhｅirecolｏgiｃaｌconｃeptａccｅpted.Theypｒoposedthattｈｅ　worlｄis　ａｎｏrｇanicbody,andcaｌledoｎpeｏpletolibｅraｔｅnａtｕreａnｄｔhemselｖes　frｏmｅｘistｉｎgoppreｓsｉonaｎｄpｅrsecuｔion,drｅaming　ofａｌifｅｃircleｉnｗhichnatｕrｅ　aｎd　ｐｅｏplelivｅinharｍｏnｙ.　1

Ｉnfaｃt,ecolｏｇyorｉginatedfｒomtheＥnviroｎmentａlProtectｉoｎMovemｅｎt，whiｃｈ　was　lａuncｈedｌoｎｇago,as　seｅn　bytheTreesEmｂrａｃｅＭovementinIndia‘sｍountaiｎｏusaｒeasoｆｔｈeseventies　ｏf　tｈｅ　20thceｎtｕｒy,anｄ　intheFｏrest　MｏvemeｎtbyBraｚilian　rｕbbｅｒcoｌｌectoｒs,oｒ　in　ｔheKenyanWｏmｅn’s　ＴｒeesＰlaｎtationMovｅmeｎｔ.However,　eｃologyis　diffｅrentfrom　eｎvｉrｏnmentaｌism,whiｃｈatｔemｐｔs　tｏcｈangeｔhe　rｅｌatｉｏnｓhｉpｓbｅｔｗeｅn　hｕmanandnatｕrｅ，ａswellaｓｒｅlｅvａｎt　ｐoliｔical　pｏlicy．2“Eｃolｏgy　emｅrgedintheｌaｔｅ20thｃentuｒyaｓ　oneｏfthemｏstiｍportantａsｐecｔｓ　ｏfbiologｙ.”３Theｗordｅcoｌogy　wasｉnventedby　a　Gｅrmａn　zoologｉst,ＥrnstHaeｃkel,who　dｅfineditａs　“thｅｃomprｅhensivesciｅncｅｏf　therelatioｎｓhiｐ　of　theorgａｎisｍto　theenvirｏnｍenｔ.”　4Tｈe　ｂaseｆｏｒ　moｄernecologｙwas　lａiｄfrom　thｅｆollｏwiｎgtｈeｎatuｒal　historｙoｆGreecｅ，thｅearｌyｗoｒkｏｆplantaｎdａnｉmalpｈｙsiｏｌogists,ｂｏｔaｎiｓｔs,　etｃ.Ecoｌogy,ｒｅlａｔedto　tｈeｅnvirｏnmenｔ,pｒovｉdeｓｔｈｅscｉentificfｒame－worｋuponwｈich　ｃonｓervatioｎprogｒaｍs　orpｏｌluｔioｎ　ｍonitoｒｉnｇscｈemescanbｅ　seｔup.Ｇenerａlｌy－speakｉｎg,ecoｌｏgｙｓcholaｒｓdividｅ　ecologyintotwｏtypes:

Deｅp　EcologyandＳｈaｌloｗEcoｌogy.ＤeｅpＥｃoloｇywasfirｓtｐresｅntediｎ　1973ｂｙ　tｈｅphiｌｏsopheｒ　ArneNａessfrｏmNｏｒway.　Themａindifｆerenｃeｏfthe　twｏtypｅsiｓtheiｒdｉffｅreｎtprimary　cｏnceｒｎs.SｈallｏwEcｏloｇyａddressesanthropｏcentｒism,　whichisａ　humaｎ-centeｒeｄworｌd　oｕtlｏoｋ，　whilｅDeepEcologｙpaｙsmoreatteｎｔiｏntobioｌｏgy　oｒeｃoｌｏgｙ,recogｎｉzｉngtｈaｔnatureｈasvalｕeａpartfromiｔsｕseｆｕlnesstohumans,thatis　ofｅco-cenｔrｉsｍ.5

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．Ecｏ-criticｉsm

In　the　niｎetｉesof　ｔhe　２0th　ｃentury,eco－criticｉsm　wasａｐpliedｔoaｎalyziｎgliterａturｅiｎAｍｅriｃa.Inthemiddleｏfthｅ２0ｔhcentury,serioｕsecologicaｌcriｓesｂrokeｏut　bｏｔh　ｉnnaturｅandhumａｎ　soｃietｉes.Ｔhｅsｅcriｓesmaｄepeｏplethinｋａｂｏuｔｔhewｅsｔｅｒncuｌtuｒe.Uｎderｔｈesecircumstancｅs,eco-cｒｉticｉsｍgrｅw.Itbｅginswｉth　natｕrｅ　asｔhesｔaｒtingpoｉnt,andbｒingslｉteraｒycｒiｔicism　ｔotheｎaｔurａl　pｅrsｐｅctive.Wｉthecｏ-ｃeｎtrismｔheoｒieｓ，ecｏ-criticism　aimstｏeｘｐlore　thｅ　relaｔｉonｓｈｉｐbｅtwｅenliteraturｅanｄenviｒoｎment,ａsfemｉnisｍ-criｔicｉｓmaｉｍｓtoeｘploｒｅthｅrｅlａｔionshiｐbeｔweenlａngｕaｇe　andliteｒａturｅ,ｗｉthgeｎdｅｒ-ｃonsciousnesｓ,　andMaｒxiｓm-ｃriticisｍｉntrｏduｃｅstｈe　cｏnsｃiｏuｓnessｏfｐｒoducｔion,　ecoｎｏmｙanｄclaｓsestoｌiｔerａryｒesｅaｒch.6　Eｃｏ-criｔiｃｉsm　refeｒsto　hｏwｎａtｕreiｓdescｒibed　anｄ　treａteｄ,as　wellas　thｅtｈemeofｔｈiswｏrkwheｔhercontａiｎs　ｅco-cｏnscｉｏｕｓnｅssａndｔhe　ｓtatusoｆｐｅople　inthenａture.７Thｅｍａinstｒｅamofｅｃｏ－critｉciｓmｉsinAｍerica.Here,ｅcｏ－critｉｃismhaｓｅxｐeriｅncedｔhree　stageｓ.Thｅfiｒststageｅxplainｓ　hownatureａnd　ｅｎvironmentshoｕldbetreaｔeｄas　ｅｘpressedinliｔerａtｕｒe;　withthesecondｓｔage,furtherrｅseaｒchismａｄeinliteｒaｒｙ　deveｌoｐment,acｈｉeveｍeｎｔs，　strａｔegｉｅｓandｓoｏｎ,ｔhus　nａtｕralfactｏｒs　ｌoｎg　ignｏreｄａｒegiveｎ　ｓｐecｉaｌ　attenｔiｏn　；　ｉn　thethｉrd　stagｅ,　ｓｃhoｌarstrｙｔo　coｎstrucｔecologicalthouｇhtｆorｓystemaｔｉc　promotiｏn　ofｒelａｔiｖｅtheories.8

C.ThｅSigｎiｆicａnceoｆEco-criticismiｎLｉｔeraｒyＣriticisｍ

Eco-criticism　canｂeｕsedａsthebaｓiｓ　for　ａ　pａrtｉculaｒｌｉterary　resｅａrch,froｍ　thｅｐerspecｔiｖe　ｏfｔheessencｅoftheｌifｅand　thｅearth,whiｃhsupportsａllｈuｍanbeings.　Iｔｃonnectsliterary　researchwiｔｈa　hｕmanbeiｎg’ssurｖｉvalontｈeeartｈ　anｄisdiｆferｅntｆroｍthevａriouｓkindsofliterary　ｃrｉticism,whｉchonlyfocus　oｎhuｍan　ｂeings．　Theecｏ-criticiｓmstｒengtheｎｓlｉteｒarystudｙ，　ａs　itbrinｇsvigor　toEngｌishｔeaching　resｅarｃｈ,　aｎｄ　enhaｎceｓtheenviｒoｎmenｔalｐroteｃｔioｎmｏveｍent　byｔｈeforceaｎd　ｉｎfluence　oｆｌiｔｅraｔure．9Inawｏrd,　eｃo-criｔｉcism　iｓoｆgrｅａtlitｅraｒyｖａｌuｅ.　Therefoｒe，　ｉｔ　isnｅcessaryandmeａninｇfｕltostuｄy　thｅfamouｓAmericancｈiｌdren’ｓwork,TheSecrｅｔ　Garden,ｆrom　the　eco－criｔicａｌperspectｉｖe.

Ⅱ．Ｅｃｏ-crｉticism　ａｎｄＢurnett’sTheSeｃrｅtGａrden

A.Ｂurnett’s　EmotionalTieｓｗitｈ　Naｔure

ＴraｎcesBurnetｔ　（Nov２4,１849—Oct２9,19２４）　wasborｎｉn　Engｌanｄ.Ｓheiｍｍｉgratedwith　herfaｍｉly　totｈｅstaｔeof　Tｅnneｓsee,　USＡ　ｉn１86５,and　became　anＡｍerｉcanｉn１905.Ｓincetheage　of18,shehａｄpubｌiｓｈedｓtｏｒiesinmaｇａzinｅｓto　eａrn　moneyｔoheｌｐｓｕpportthefamilｙ.　Herfiｒsｔbest－sellerwas　ThatLaｓs　Ｏ’ｓ　Lｏwｒies