《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案.docx

《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案.docx

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《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案

华中师范大学网络教育学院

《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案本科

I.Answerthefollowingquestionsinyourownwords（每题2分）

1.Whatisthefunctionofcontextinunderstandingutterances?

Thefunctionofcontextinunderstandingutterancesistohelplistenerstonarrowdowntheirchoicesinunderstandingthemeaningofutterances.

2.Whatistherelationshipbetweendeixisandcontext？

Averycloserelationshipexistsbetweendeixisandcontext。

3.Whatisthegesturaluseofplacedeixis?

Iftheunderstandingofaplacedeixismustrelyongestures,thenitisthegesturaluse.

4.Howdoesconversationalimplicatureexplainlanguageintermsofmeaning？

Itexplainslanguagefromfunctional,communicativeandcontextualaspects.

5.Howmanymaximsarethereinco—operativeprinciple？

Andwhatarethey？

Four.Theyarequalitymaxim，quantitymaxim,relationmaximandmannermaxim.

6.Whoinventedtheterm“Pragmatics”?

CharlesMorris,anAmericanphilosopher

7.Whatarethethreesub—branchesofsemiotics？

Theyaresyntactics,semanticsandpragmatics

8.WhatisCarnap’sunderstandingof“Pragmatics”？

BasicallyCarnapunderstandsPragmaticsaswhatMorrishaspointedout，butspecificallyspeaking,CarnapthinksthatPragmaticsshouldstudyindexicalsinlanguage。

9.WhatistheadvantageofstudyingPragmatics？

Oneadvantageofstudyinglanguagethroughpragmaticsisthatwecantalkaboutpeople’sintendedmeanings,theirassumptions，theirpurposesorgoals,andallkindsofactions（forexample，requests）thattheyareperformingwhentheyspeak.

10.IsgrammaticalmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure？

PragmaticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure.

11.Whypragmatistsstudymotionverbunderplacedeixis？

Becausemotionverbscontainakindofbuilt—indirection

12.Whydon'tpeoplesaywhattheymeanincommunication？

Becausetheywanttobeco—operative，politeandsavetheirownandother'sface.

13.WhatdoesCPstandforinPragmatics?

InPragmatics,CPstandsforco-operativeprinciple。

14.Whatispositiveface?

Positivefaceistheneedtobelikedbyothers，ortheneedtobeacceptedandtreatedassocialequals.

15.Whatisonrecord?

Onrecordisatechnicalterm，referringtoutterancesnotdirectlyaddressedtoothers.

16.WhatisthedisadvantageofstudyingPragmatics？

Onebigdisadvantageofpragmaticstudyisthatalltheseconceptsrelatedtohumanbeingsareextremelydifficulttoanalyzeinaconsistentandobjectiveway。

17.IssemanticmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure?

No.SemanticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure。

18.Whatarethepossibleinterpretationsofthephrase“Jane’scar”？

PossibleinterpretationsarethecarownedbyJane，thecarkeptbyJane，thecarrentedbyJaneetc。

19.Istimepartofcontext?

Yes。

Timeispartofcontext

20.Whatisthegeneralroleofpersonaldeixisincommunication？

Itsroleistoindicatewhoparticipatesincommunication

21.IsgrammaticalmistakeequaltoPragmaticfailure?

PragmaticmistakeisnotequaltoPragmaticfailure

22.Whatistheroleofcontextinunderstandingutterances?

Theroleofcontextinunderstandingutterancesistohelplistenerstonarrowdowntheirchoicesinunderstanding.

23.Whatkindofrelationshipexistsbetweendeixisandcontext?

Averycloserelationshipexistsbetweendeixisandcontext。

24.Howdoyouunderstandgesturaluseofplacedeixis?

Iftheunderstandingofaplacedeixismustrelyongestures，thenitisthegesturaluse

25.Howdoesconversationalimplicatureexplainlanguageintermsofmeaning?

Itexplainslanguagefromfunctional,communicativeandcontextualaspects.

II。

Explainthefollowingtermsbriefly。

（每题4分）

1.inference

2.linguisticcontext

3.Pragmatics

4.appropriacy

5.indirectmeaning

6.politeness

7.facewants

8.non-linguisticcontext

9.deixis

10.conversationalimplicature

11.context

12.co-operativeprinciple

13.presupposition

14.calendricuseoftimedeixis

答案:

1.Inferencemeansthatweofteninferormakeguessesastowhatthespeakerintendstomeanwhenhesayssomething?

2.Itreferstothelanguagethatsurroundsoraccompaniesapieceofutteranceordiscourseunderanalysis.

3.Pragmaticsstudiesthefactorsthatgovernourchoiceoflanguageinsocialinteractionandtheeffectsofourchoiceonothers.

4.Appropriacymeansthatpeopleshouldsaytherightthingtotherightpersonwiththerightmannerattherightplaceandintherightsituation。

5.Indirectmeaningisthemeaningthatpeopleintendtoconvey。

Itisalsotermedasthecommunicativemeaningorcontextualmeaning.

6.Politenessisshowingawarenessofother’spublicself—image。

Usuallypolitenesscanbeunderstoodasvariousmeansthatpeopleuseineithersituationsofsocialclosenessorsituationsofsocialdistance.

7.Facewantsrefertoone’sfaceexpectations.Normallypeopleexpectthatotherswillrespecttheirfaceincommunication.

8.Non—linguisticcontextreferstothetypeofcommunicativeevent（forexample，joke,story,lecture,greeting，conversation）;thetopic；thepurposeoftheevent；thesettingincludinglocationofday，timeandphysicalaspectsofthesituation;theparticipantsandtherelationshipsbetweenthem;thebackgroundknowledgeetc.

9.Deixisisagroupofwordsindicatingperson,time，place，etc。

ItisoriginatedfromaGreekverb，meaning“point”,“show"and“indicate”inEnglish。

10．Conversationalimplicatureisthemeaningimpliedinaconversation。

Usuallyitindicatesthespeaker’scommunicativepurpose。

11.Contextcanbesubdividedintolinguisticcontextandnon—linguisticcontext。

Theformerreferstothelanguagethatsurroundsoraccompaniesapieceofutteranceordiscourseunderanalysis,itreferstothelinguisticelementsthatarearoundanutterance.Thelatterincludes:

thetypeofcommunicativeevent（forexample，joke，story，lecture,greeting,conversation）；thetopic;thepurposeoftheevent;thesettingincludinglocationofday，timeandphysicalaspectsofthesituation；theparticipantsandtherelationshipsbetweenthem；thebackgroundknowledgeetc.

12.Traditionally,peopledatetheinventionoftheco-operativeprinciplebacktotheworkoftheAmericanphilosophernamedH.PaulGrice.Theprincipleincludes:

TheMaximofQuality

trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue,specifically:

a）donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse

b）donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence

TheMaximofQuantity

a）makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange

b）donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired

TheMaximofRelevance

makeyourcontributionsrelevant

TheMaximofManner

beperspicuous,andspecifically

a）avoidobscurity

b）avoidambiguity

c）bebrief

d）beorderly

Inshort，thesemaximsspecifywhatparticipantshavetodoinordertoconductcommunicationinamaximallyefficient，rational，co-operativeway。

Todoso,theyshouldspeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly，whileprovidingsufficientinformation.

13。

Bypresupposition，werefertoameaningtakenasgivenwhichdoesnotthereforeneedtobeasserted。

Ithasbeenvariouslydefinedas“semanticpresupposition"（non-defeasible,contributestothetruth—conditionalmeaningofthesentence），and“pragmaticpresupposition"（cancellablewhileinconsistentwithspeaker/hearerknowledgeabouttheworld）。

PragmaticPresuppositioncanbeunderstoodasanothertypeofpragmaticinference。

14.Generallyspeaking,mostlanguageshaveabasicsystemofreckoningandmeasuringtimethroughnaturalcyclesofdayandnight，lunarmonths，seasonsandyears。

Thisisthecalendricuseoftimeunits.Suchtimeunitscanbeusedcalendricallytolocateeventsin‘absolute’timerelativeto‘absolute’timeorigin。

Forsuchcalendrictimeunits，therearefixedbeginningandending。

Forexample,acalendaryearismadeupbycalendarmonthsfromJanuary，February，March，April,May…toDecemberwhileacalendarmonth，March，forexample，consistsofcalendardayslikeMarch1，March2,3untilthelastdayofthatmonth.Foracalendaryear,thebeginningisalwaysfixedonJanuaryandtheendingonDecember.Andforacalendarmonth，thebeginningisalwaysthefirstdayofthatmonthwhiletheendingisalwaysthelastdayofthatmonth.

III.

A．Identifythesymbolic，gestural,andnon-deicticusesofthesecondpersonalpronoun‘you'inthefollowingthreecases。

（每题2分）

1.Youneverknowwhethertoreadeverychapterorskiponeortwo.

2.Iknowyouwillallenjoyreadingthischapter.

3.Youhavetoreaditandyouhavetoreaditandyouhavetoreadit。

1、Non—deictic2.Symbolic3.Gestural

B．Pleaseidentifythesymbolic，gestural，andnon—deicticusesofthetimedeixis“now”inthefollowingthreecases。

（每题2分）

4.IknowmoreaboutPragmaticsnowthanbefore。

5.Nowthatwasn’tverynice.

6.Areyouready?

Waitforit!

Waitforit！

NOW（Herethespeakerisusingarising-fallingintonationtoshowstress。

）

1、symbolic2.non—deictic3。

gestural

C．Pleaseidentifythesymbolic，gestural，andnon-deicticusesofthedemonstrativepronoun“this”inthefollowingthreecases.（每题2分）

1。

Ibetyouweren’texpectingthisexample。

2.Andthenthisstrangeguywalksinandvomits。

3。

Whichfingerdidhebite?

/Thislittlefingerontheright?

1.symbolic2。

non-deictic3.gestural

IV。

Dothefollowingexchangesviolateanymaximsundertheco-operativeprinciple？

If‘yes’,pointoutwhichmaximisbeingflouted。

（每题2分）

1.Johnny:

HeySallylet’splaymarbles。

Mum：

HowisyourhomeworkgettingalongJohnny?

Yes.Itviolatedthemaximofrelation。

2。

A:

Ihopeyouboughtbreadandcheese。

B:

Ah，Iboughtthebread.

Yes.Itviolatedthemaximofquantity。

3.A：

Whoa!

Hasyourbossgonecrazy?

B：

Let’sgoandgetsometea。

Yes.Itviolate