最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点.docx

最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点.docx

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最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点

Chapter1

1-Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:

《英语词汇学》复习资料第一章

1.2.15%

3.4.20%

5.6.25%

7.10%

8.10%

9.15%

10.5%

第一章Chapter1BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary

　　1.Word——Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

　　2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means’Frau’inGerman，’Femme’inFrenchand’Funv’inChinese.Ontheotherhand，thesamesound/rait/canmeanright，riteandwrite，thoughdenotingdifferentthings，yethavethesamesound.

　　3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.

　　（Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns）

　　a）.theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.

　　b）.Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling

　　c）.Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500

　　d）.Borrowingofforeignlanguage

　　4.Vocabulary——Vocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect，agivenbook，agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.

　　ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency，bynotion，byorigin

　　1）.Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

　　1.allnationalcharacter（mostimportant）–naturalphenomena

　　mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthehumanbodyandrelations

　　worldaroundusnamesofplantsandanimals

　　action，size，domain，state

　　numerals，pronouns，prep.，conj.

　　2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife，theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative，someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.

　　e.g.arrow，bow，chariot，knight–past

　　electricity，machine，car，plane——now

　　3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords，theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.

　　e.g.foot–football，footage，footpath，footer

　　4.polysemy多义性–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.

　　e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother

　　toremove

　　5.collocability搭配能力强–quiteanumberofsetexpressions，idiomaticusages，proverbialsayingandothers

　　e.g.heart–achangeofheart，aheartofgold

　　Non-basicvocabulary——

　　1.terminology专业术语–technicalterms

　　photoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus

　　2.jargon行业术语–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.

　　Bottomline，ballparkfigures，bargainingchips，holdhimback，holdhimin，paranoid

　　3.slang——substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

　　doughandbread，grassandpot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，

　　Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

　　4.argot行话，黑话–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups

　　can-opener，dip，persuader

　　cant，jargon，argotareassociatedwith，ormostavailableto，specificgroupsofthepopulation.

　　5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect

　　beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog

　　6.archaisms古语–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems，legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

　　7.neologism新词，旧词新意–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mail

　　oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse，monitor

　　2）.Contentword（notional猜测的，理论上的word）–denoteclearnotions.

　　Functionalword（emptyword，formword）–donothavenotionsoftheirown，expresstherelationbetweennotions，wordsandsentences.

二者区别：

a.ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.

　　Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.

　　b.Contentwordsaregrowing.

　　Functionalwordsremainstable.

　　c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

　　3）.Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.Anglo-SaxonWords，50，000-60，000

　　Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare

　　1.neutralinstyle（notstylisticalspecific）

　　2.2.frequentinuse（inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench，LatinorGreekareused）（usage70-90%）

　　Borrowedwords（loanwords，borrowing）–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%

　　Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing，wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

　　1.Denizens同化词–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.

　　e.g.portfromportus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork

　　cupfromcuppa（L）

　　2.Aliens异形–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

　　e.g.décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，statusquo

　　3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

　　1）.Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaning

　　e.g.mothertoughfromlinguamaternal（L）

　　blackhumorfromhumornoir

　　longtimenosee，surplusvalue，masterpiece

　　2）.Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound

　　e.g.kulakfromkyrak（Russ）

　　lamafromlama（Tib）

　　ketchup

　　tea

　　4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguage

　　e.g.stupidolddump

　　newsassy

　　dreamoldjoyandpeace

　　pioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringwork

　　newamemberoftheyoungpioneer

　　fresholdimpertinent，sassy，cheeky

第二章　Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary

1.

Indo-European印欧语系languagefamily（Europe，theNearEast，India）

　　Balto–Slavic巴尔特-斯拉夫Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Italic-Germanic意大利德国日耳曼语系

　　PrussianPersianPortugueseNorwegian普鲁士-波斯-葡萄牙-挪威语系

　　LithuanianHindiSpanishIcelandie立陶宛-印地-西班牙-冰岛

　　PolishItalianDanish波兰-意大利-丹麦

　　BulgarianRoumanianSwedish保加利亚-罗马尼亚-瑞典

　　SlovenianFrenchEnglish斯洛文尼亚-法语-英语

　　RussianGerman俄罗斯-德意志

　　AlbanianArmenianCelticHellenic阿尔巴尼亚-美国-凯尔特-希腊

　　IrishGreek爱尔兰-希腊

　　Breton法国布利多尼

　　Scottish苏格兰

　　2.History（时间，历史事件，特征）

　　1）OldEnglish（450-1150）totally50，000-60，000words

　　The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts凯尔特，thelanguagewasCeltic.

　　ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.

　　TheGermanictribescalledangles盎格鲁，Saxons撒克逊andJutes朱特人andtheirlanguage，Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.

　　Attheendof6thcentury，theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.

　　Thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.

　　Inthe9thcentury，manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofScandinavianareinmodernEnglish，ourdailylifeandspeech.

　　特点：

highlyinflectedlanguage

　　complexendingsorvowelchanges（fullending）

　　2）MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）English，Latin，French

　　Until1066，althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin，theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

　　Bytheendofthe13thcentury，Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

　　Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchorigincomeintoEnglish.75%ofthemaretillinusetoday.

　　Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish.

　　特点：

fewerinflections

　　leveledending

　　3）ModernEnglish（1500-uptonow）earlymodernEnglish（1500-1700）

　　latemodernEnglish（1700-uptonow）

　　TheRenaissance，LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage.

　　TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization，Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe，thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

　　AfterWorldWarII，manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas，inventionsandscientificachievements.

　　Morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

　　thousandsandthousandsofnewwordshavebeenenteredtoexpressnewideasinventions，andscientificachievements.

　　morewordsarecreatedbymeansofword-formation.

　　inmodernEnglish，wordendingsweremostlylostwithjustafewexceptionsEnglishhasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage.

　　scienceandtechnologytermsmakeupabout45%ofnewwords.wordsassociatedwithlife-styleconstituteof24%andsocialandeconomictermsamounttoover10%.

　　mentionshouldbemadeofanoppositeprocessofdevelopmenti.e.oldwordsfallingoutifuse.

　　特点：

endingarealmostlost.

　　3.Threemainsourcesnewwords

　　1.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

　　2.Social，economicandpoliticalchanges

　　3.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages

　　4.Threemodesofvocabularydevelopment

　　（1.Creation–theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials，namelyroots，affixesandotherelements.（Thisisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.）

　　（2.Semanticchange-anoldformwhichtakeonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.

　　（3.Borrowing–totakeinwordsfromotherlanguages.（particularlyinearliertime）

　　（4.（Revivingarchaicorobsolete恢复古时或已不用的）

　　French30%，Latin8%，JapaneseItalian7%，Spanish6%，GermanGreek5%，RussianYiddish犹太人使用的4%

第三章　Chapter3WordFormationI

　　1.Morpheme——Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.（Thesmallestfunctionalunitinthecompositionofwords.）

　　2.Morph——Amorphememustberealizedbydis