最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点.docx

1、最新最全本科段英语词汇学考试学习复习重点Chapter 11 - The definition of a word comprises the following points:英语词汇学复习资料第一章1.2. 15%3.4. 20%5.6. 25%7. 10%8. 10%9. 15%10. 5%第一章Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1. Word A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacti

2、c function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means Frau in German， Femme in French and Funv in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though deno

3、ting different things， yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b

4、）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. Vocabulary Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all

5、 the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.Classification of Wordsby u

6、se frequency， by notion， by origin1）. Basic word stock the foundation of the vocabulary.1. all national character （most important） natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animalsaction， size， domain， statenumerals， pronouns

7、， prep. ，conj.2. stability they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight pastelectricity， machine， car， plane now3. productivity they are mostly root words

8、 or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot football， footage， footpath， footer4. polysemy 多义性 often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to anotherto remove5. collocability 搭配能力强 quite a number of set e

9、xpressions， idiomatic usages， proverbial saying and otherse.g. heart a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary 1. terminology专业术语 technical termsphotoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra， trigonometry， calculus2. jargon 行业术语 specialized vocabulary in certain professions

10、.Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid3. slang substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch， holler， Roger， X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot 行话，黑话 wor

11、ds used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener， dip， persuadercant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to， specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words only by speakers of the dialectbeauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame， lough， bog6. archaisms古语 words no longer

12、in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism新词，旧词新意 newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor2）. Content word （notional猜测的，理论上的

13、word） denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word， form word） do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences.二者区别：a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words

14、 are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Anglo-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. M

15、ore are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used） （usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing） words taken over from foreign language. 80%According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，

16、 we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizens同化词 words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， porkcup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens 异形 retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. dcor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， interm

17、ez， rowtow， bazaar， rajar， status quo3.translation loans formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noirlong time no see，

18、 surplus value， master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchuptea4. Semantic loans their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dumpnew sassydream old joy and peacepioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering worknew a

19、member of the young pioneerfresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky第二章Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary1.Indo-European印欧语系 language family （Europe， the Near East， India）Balto Slavic 巴尔特-斯拉夫Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系 Italic-Germanic意大利德国日耳曼语系Prussian Persian Portuguese Norwegian普鲁士-波斯-葡萄牙-挪威语系L

20、ithuanian Hindi Spanish Icelandie立陶宛-印地-西班牙-冰岛Polish Italian Danish波兰-意大利-丹麦Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish保加利亚-罗马尼亚-瑞典Slovenian French English斯洛文尼亚-法语-英语Russian German俄罗斯-德意志Albanian Armenian Celtic Hellenic阿尔巴尼亚-美国-凯尔特-希腊Irish Greek爱尔兰-希腊Breton法国布利多尼Scottish苏格兰2. History （时间，历史事件，特征）1） Old English （45

21、0-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts凯尔特， the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions.The Germanic tribes called angles盎格鲁， Saxons撒克逊 and Jutes 朱特人and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic.

22、Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 90

23、0 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech.特点： highly inflected languagecomplex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， FrenchUntil 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic.

24、 But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch orig

25、in come into English.特点： fewer inflectionsleveled ending3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western worlds great literary heritage.The Industrial Revolution was

26、in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scie

27、ntific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few

28、 exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process o

29、f development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点： ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words1.The rapid development of modern science and technology2.Social， economic and political changes3.The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（1. Creatio

30、n the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）（2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.（3. Borrowing to take in words from other languages.（par

31、ticularly in earlier time）（4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete恢复古时或已不用的）French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish犹太人使用的 4%第三章Chapter 3 Word Formation I 1. Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）2.Morph A morpheme must be realized by dis