心理学资料.docx

心理学资料.docx

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心理学资料

EQactuallystandsforEmotionalIntelligenceQuotient.Muchlikeanintelligencequotient,orIQ,anEQissaidtobeameasureofaperson’semotionalintelligence.However,thereismuchdebatesurroundingthelegitimacyofadefinitionofemotionalintelligencequotient,primarilybecausethereisnostandardagainstwhichitcanbemeasured.

ResearchonEQbeganwithYalepsychologistPeterSaloveyandJohnMayeroftheUniversityofNewHampshireinthelate1980s.EQisaconceptthatwasfurtherpopularizedbyDanielGoleman,anotherwell-respectedpsychologist,whohaswrittenmanybooksonthesubjectandisco-chairofTheConsortiumforResearchonEmotionalIntelligenceinOrganizations.WhiletheseandmanyotherpsychologyexpertsviewEQasascientificstudyofsocialbehaviorandrelationships,theactualsciencebehindmeasuringEQisoftenconvolutedatbest.

History

TheearliestrootsofemotionalintelligencecanbetracedtoDarwin'sworkontheimportanceofemotionalexpressionforsurvivalandsecondadaptation.[3]Inthe1900s,eventhoughtraditionaldefinitionsofintelligenceemphasizedcognitiveaspectssuchasmemoryandproblem-solving,severalinfluentialresearchersintheintelligencefieldofstudyhadbeguntorecognizetheimportanceofthenon-cognitiveaspects.Forinstance,asearlyas1920,E.L.Thorndikeusedthetermsocialintelligencetodescribetheskillofunderstandingandmanagingotherpeople.[4]

Similarly,in1940DavidWechslerdescribedtheinfluenceofnon-intellectivefactorsonintelligentbehavior,andfurtherarguedthatourmodelsofintelligencewouldnotbecompleteuntilwecanadequatelydescribethesefactors.[3]In1983,HowardGardner'sFramesofMind:

TheTheoryofMultipleIntelligences[5]introducedtheideaofmultipleintelligenceswhichincludedbothinterpersonalintelligence（thecapacitytounderstandtheintentions,motivationsanddesiresofotherpeople）andintrapersonalintelligence（thecapacitytounderstandoneself,toappreciateone'sfeelings,fearsandmotivations）.InGardner'sview,traditionaltypesofintelligence,suchasIQ,failtofullyexplaincognitiveability.[6]Thus,eventhoughthenamesgiventotheconceptvaried,therewasacommonbeliefthattraditionaldefinitionsofintelligencearelackinginabilitytofullyexplainperformanceoutcomes.

Thefirstuseoftheterm"emotionalintelligence"isusuallyattributedtoWaynePayne'sdoctoralthesis,AStudyofEmotion:

DevelopingEmotionalIntelligencefrom1985.[7]However,priortothis,theterm"emotionalintelligence"hadappearedinLeuner（1966）.[8]Greenspan（1989）alsoputforwardanEImodel,followedbySaloveyandMayer（1990）,andDanielGoleman（1995）.Thedistinctionbetweentraitemotionalintelligenceandabilityemotionalintelligencewasintroducedin2000.[9]

[edit]Definitions

SubstantialdisagreementexistsregardingthedefinitionofEI,withrespecttobothterminologyandoperationalizations.Therehasbeenmuchconfusionabouttheexactmeaningofthisconstruct.Thedefinitionsaresovaried,andthefieldisgrowingsorapidly,thatresearchersareconstantlyre-evaluatingeventheirowndefinitionsoftheconstruct.Currently,therearethreemainmodelsofEI:

∙AbilityEImodel

∙MixedmodelsofEI（usuallysubsumedundertraitEI）[10][11]

∙TraitEImodel

DifferentmodelsofEIhaveledtothedevelopmentofvariousinstrumentsfortheassessmentoftheconstruct.Whilesomeofthesemeasuresmayoverlap,mostresearchersagreethattheytapdifferentconstructs.

[edit]Abilitymodel

SaloveyandMayer'sconceptionofEIstrivestodefineEIwithintheconfinesofthestandardcriteriaforanewintelligence.Followingtheircontinuingresearch,theirinitialdefinitionofEIwasrevisedto"Theabilitytoperceiveemotion,integrateemotiontofacilitatethought,understandemotionsandtoregulateemotionstopromotepersonalgrowth."

Theability-basedmodelviewsemotionsasusefulsourcesofinformationthathelponetomakesenseofandnavigatethesocialenvironment.[12]Themodelproposesthatindividualsvaryintheirabilitytoprocessinformationofanemotionalnatureandintheirabilitytorelateemotionalprocessingtoawidercognition.Thisabilityisseentomanifestitselfincertainadaptivebehaviors.ThemodelclaimsthatEIincludesfourtypesofabilities:

1.Perceivingemotions–theabilitytodetectanddecipheremotionsinfaces,pictures,voices,andculturalartifacts—includingtheabilitytoidentifyone'sownemotions.Perceivingemotionsrepresentsabasicaspectofemotionalintelligence,asitmakesallotherprocessingofemotionalinformationpossible.

2.Usingemotions–theabilitytoharnessemotionstofacilitatevariouscognitiveactivities,suchasthinkingandproblemsolving.Theemotionallyintelligentpersoncancapitalizefullyuponhisorherchangingmoodsinordertobestfitthetaskathand.

3.Understandingemotions–theabilitytocomprehendemotionlanguageandtoappreciatecomplicatedrelationshipsamongemotions.Forexample,understandingemotionsencompassestheabilitytobesensitivetoslightvariationsbetweenemotions,andtheabilitytorecognizeanddescribehowemotionsevolveovertime.

4.Managingemotions–theabilitytoregulateemotionsinbothourselvesandinothers.Therefore,theemotionallyintelligentpersoncanharnessemotions,evennegativeones,andmanagethemtoachieveintendedgoals.

TheabilityEImodelhasbeencriticizedintheresearchforlackingfaceandpredictivevalidityintheworkplace.[13]

[edit]Measurementoftheabilitymodel

ThecurrentmeasureofMayerandSalovey'smodelofEI,theMayer-Salovey-CarusoEmotionalIntelligenceTest（MSCEIT）isbasedonaseriesofemotion-basedproblem-solvingitems.[12]Consistentwiththemodel'sclaimofEIasatypeofintelligence,thetestismodeledonability-basedIQtests.Bytestingaperson'sabilitiesoneachofthefourbranchesofemotionalintelligence,itgeneratesscoresforeachofthebranchesaswellasatotalscore.

Centraltothefour-branchmodelistheideathatEIrequiresattunementtosocialnorms.Therefore,theMSCEITisscoredinaconsensusfashion,withhigherscoresindicatinghigheroverlapbetweenanindividual'sanswersandthoseprovidedbyaworldwidesampleofrespondents.TheMSCEITcanalsobeexpert-scored,sothattheamountofoverlapiscalculatedbetweenanindividual'sanswersandthoseprovidedbyagroupof21emotionresearchers.[12]

Althoughpromotedasanabilitytest,theMSCEITismostunlikestandardIQtestsinthatitsitemsdonothaveobjectivelycorrectresponses.Amongotherproblems,theconsensusscoringcriterionmeansthatitisimpossibletocreateitems（questions）thatonlyaminorityofrespondentscansolve,because,bydefinition,responsesaredeemedemotionally"intelligent"onlyifthemajorityofthesamplehasendorsedthem.ThisandothersimilarproblemshaveledcognitiveabilityexpertstoquestionthedefinitionofEIasagenuineintelligence.

InastudybyFøllesdal,[14]theMSCEITtestresultsof111businessleaderswerecomparedwithhowtheiremployeesdescribedtheirleader.Itwasfoundthattherewerenocorrelationsbetweenaleader'stestresultsandhowheorshewasratedbytheemployees,withregardtoempathy,abilitytomotivate,andleadereffectiveness.FøllesdalalsocriticizedtheCanadiancompanyMulti-HealthSystems,whichadministerstheMSCEITtest.Thetestcontains141questionsbutitwasfoundafterpublishingthetestthat19ofthesedidnotgivetheexpectedanswers.ThishasledMulti-HealthSystemstoremoveanswerstothese19questionsbeforescoring,butwithoutstatingthisofficially.

[edit]Mixedmodels

ThemodelintroducedbyDanielGoleman[15]focusesonEIasawidearrayofcompetenciesandskillsthatdriveleadershipperformance.Goleman'smodeloutlinesfourmainEIconstructs:

1.Self-awareness–theabilitytoreadone'semotionsandrecognizetheirimpactwhileusinggutfeelingstoguidedecisions.

2.Self-management–involvescontrollingone'semotionsandimpulsesandadaptingtochangingcircumstances.

3.Socialawareness–theabilitytosense,understand,andreacttoothers'emotionswhilecomprehendingsocialnetworks.

4.Relationshipmanagement–theabilitytoinspire,influence,anddevelopotherswhilemanagingconflict.

GolemanincludesasetofemotionalcompetencieswithineachconstructofEI.Emotionalcompetenciesarenotinnatetalents,butratherlearnedcapabilitiesthatmustbeworkedonandcanbedevelopedtoachieveoutstandingperformance.Golemanpositsthatindividualsarebornwithageneralemotionalintelligencethatdeterminestheirpotentialforlearningemotionalcompetencies.[16]Goleman'smodelofEIhasbeencriticizedintheresearchliteratureasmere"poppsychology"（Mayer,Roberts,&Barsade,2008）.

[edit]MeasurementoftheEmotionalCompetencies（Goleman）model

TwomeasurementtoolsarebasedontheGolemanmodel:

1.TheEmotionalCompetencyInventory（ECI）,whichwascreatedin1999,andtheEmotionalandSocialCompetencyInventory（ESCI）,whichwascreatedin2007.

2.TheEmotionalIntelligenceAppraisal,whichwascreatedin2001andwhichcanbetakenasaself-reportor360-degreeassessment.[17]

[edit]Bar-Onmodelofemotional-socialintelligence（ESI）

Bar-On[3]definesemotionalintelligenceasbeingconcernedwitheffectivelyunderstandingoneselfandothers,relatingwelltopeople,andadaptingtoandcopingwiththeimmediatesurroundingstobemoresuccessfulindealingwithenvironmentaldemands.[18]Bar-OnpositsthatEIdevelopsovertimeandthatitcanbeimprovedthroughtraining,programming,andtherapy.[3]Bar-Onhypothesizesthatth