道路条件交通安全英文文献翻译.docx

道路条件交通安全英文文献翻译.docx

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道路条件交通安全英文文献翻译

VisionZero–Implementingapolicyfortrafficsafety

Thescopeofthispaperistooutline,inageneralway,thesafetyphilosophyinherentinpresentroad-andstreetdesign,tracetheoriginofthisphilosophy,andtopresenttheprinciplesforanewdesignofstreetsandroads.Itwillbearguedthatdeficienciesinthepresentroaddesignphilosophyarethemaincauseoftheglobalroadsafetycrisis,clearlyindicatingitsman-madenature.AbriefdescriptionismadeofthedecisionprocessleadingtotheestablishmentofVisionZeroasSweden’sTrafficSafetyPolicyin1997.

Followingananalysisoftheproblem,suggestionsaremadeforfindingsolutions.ThesolutionsarebasedonsomeoftheprinciplesinVisionZero.Theyincludeanewbasicmechanismforcreatingerror-toleranceintheroadsystem,andnewdesignprinciplesforroad-andstreetdesign.

Thetraditionof“blamingthevictim”isherebyquestionedandfocusisputontheneedforprofessionalstoactbasedonthesenewstandards.Duringthelast10yearsthefatalitiesinSwedenhavedroppedfromapproximately550/yearto450/year.Roadsredesignedwithmedianbarriershavean80%reductioninfatalities.Streetswith30km/hdesignspeedshowsimilarresults.ThisindicatesthatmeasuresderivedfromVisionZerostrategyareeffectivebutthatlargescaleimplementationhasnotyetbeendone.

1.Theprocess

TheSwedishRoadAdministration（SRA）hadanoverallresponsibilityforRoadTrafficSafetyinSwedensince1993.ThisresponsibilitywasfurtherclarifiedbytheGovernmentin1996.SwedenhasverysmallMinistries（numberofpersonnel）.AsaconsequenceAdministrationsliketheSRAoftenhavesemi-politicaltaskslikedevelopmentofpoliciesandtargets.Decisionsonpolicy,longtermtargetsandoverallbudgetsaremadebytheGovernmentortheParliamentbutdevelopmentismadeintheAdministration.

Followingtheelectionsintheautumn1994SwedengotanewMinisterforTransportation.TheMinisterdeclaredthattrafficsafetywouldbeoneofherpriorities.AdialogwasstartedbetweentheMinister’sStaffandtheSRAonhowtheMinistercouldmaketrafficsafetyaprioritizedsubject.

Inthespringof1994theSRAtogetherwiththemajorstakeholdersfortrafficsafetyhadpresentedashorttermprogramforactionfortheyearsof1994–2000.Ithadthecharacterofcontinuingearlierworkbutwithmoreemphasisoncooperationbetweenkeyactorsandfocusonresults.DirectlyafterthisprogramwaslaunchedtheSRAstartedtodevelopsomebasicideasforalongtermstrategyfortrafficsafety.Ithadbeenrecognisedforsometimethatthecontemporarytrafficsafetyparadigmhadsomeproblems（Johansson,1991）.Partofthisproblemwasalackofexpectedbenefitsofmanymeasures,somethingthatwasrecognisedbyamongothersGeraldWilde（bestdescribedinWilde,2001）.AcomprehensiveoverviewcanbefoundinOECD（1990）.

Thenewsafetyparadigm,VisionZeroisbuiltaroundthebasicideathatevenifnotallcrashesorcollisionscanbeavoided,allsevereinjuriescan,inprinciple,beavoided.Thebasicideawastobuilda“safesystem”whereallpredictedcrashesandcollisionshadtolerablehealthlosses.TheMinisterandherStaffrecognisedthatitwaspossibletoworkwiththeideasbehindVisionZeroinapoliticalsettingandquicklyadoptedthebasicideas,developedatext（translatedinBelinetal.,1997）,andtookittotheParliamentin1997,whereitwasacceptedbyallpoliticalparties（Tingvall,1998）.Sincethen,theParliamenthasrepeatedthisdecisiononanumberofoccasions.Thenotionof“VisionZero”hasbecomesynonymouswiththeconceptof“highpoliticalambitions”inanumberofotherareasaswell.TheGovernmentin2008tookadecisiononaVisionZeroforsuicide.MuchofthepoliticaldebateonVisionZerobetween1995andtheParliament’sdecisionin1997wasconcentratedonthequestion”Howmanyfatalitiescanweaccept?

”AtthistimeSwedenhadaround500fatalitiesinroadtrafficperyear.Comparisonswheremadewiththesafetylevelforothertransportmodes,（clearlyazerofatalitygoal）,occupationalsafety（about50fatalitiesannually）,electricity（aboutfivefatalitiesannually）.Fromthispoliticalanalysisitwasconcludedthatazerofatalitytargetwastheonlyjustifiabletargetforroadtraffic.

DuringthesametimeperiodSRAanditsnetworkconcentratedworkondevelopingstrategiesforradicallyloweringfatalityrisksinroadtraffic,typicallyaimingatreducingfatalityriskswithafactor10.Examplesfollowlaterinthispaper.

2.VisionZero

In1997theSwedishParliamentpassedabillonTrafficSafetywhereitwasstatedthat:

“VisionZeromeansthateventuallynoonewillbekilledorseriouslyinjuredwithintheroadtransportsystem.”

VisionZerodoesnotpresumethatallaccidentsthatresultinpersonalpropertydamageorinlessseriousinjuriesmustbeeliminated.TheseoccurrencesarenotconsideredtobeanessentialelementintheroadtrafficsafetyproblemeveniftheycanentaillargecostsfortheState,countycouncils,municipalitiesandindividuals.Rather,focusshallbeplacedonthoseincidentsthatleadtoapersonbeingkilledorseriouslyinjured.VisionZeroalsoproposesanethicalapproachtothehealthproblemsassociatedwithroadtraffic:

“Itcanneverbeethicallyacceptablethatpeoplearekilledorseriouslyinjuredwhenmovingwithintheroadtransportsystem.”

VisionZeroissaidtobealong-termgoalforthedesignandfunctioningoftheroadtransportsystem.WhatisimportantistorealisethattheVisionZeroapproachwillaltertheaimoftheworkonroadtrafficsafety;i.e.,fromattemptingtoreducethenumberofaccidentstotheformulationofanexplicitgoal:

toeliminatetheriskofchronichealthimpairmentcausedbyatrafficaccident.Thisnewapproachwillalsoalterthequestionfrom“whatcanwedo?

”to“whatmustwedo?

”

VisionZeropresumesanewdivisionofresponsibilityforroadtrafficsafetywithintheroadtransportsystem.Theresponsibilityforroadtrafficsafetyshouldbeintroducedalongthefollowinglines.

1.Thedesignersofthesystemarealwaysultimatelyresponsibleforthedesign,operationsanduseoftheroadtransportsystemandaretherebyresponsibleforthelevelofsafetywithintheentiresystem.

2.Roadusersareresponsibleforfollowingtherulesforusingtheroadtransportsystemsetbythesystemdesigners.

3.Ifroadusersfailtoobeytheserulesduetoalackofknowledge,acceptanceorability,orifinjuriesdooccur,thesystemdesignersarerequiredtotakethenecessaryfurtherstepstocounteractpeoplebeingkilledandseriouslyinjured.

TakingtheVisionZeroapproachmeansthatpayingattentiontohumanlifeandhealthisanabsoluterequirementinthedesignandfunctioningoftheroadtransportsystem.Thisimpliesthatroadtrafficsafetyissues,insimilaritytoenvironmentalissues,mustbeclearlyintegratedinalltheprocessesthataffectroadtrafficsafetyintheroadtransportsystemandbebasedonthefollowing:

“Thelevelofviolencethatthehumanbodycantoleratewithoutbeingkilledorseriouslyinjuredshallbethebasicparameterinthedesignoftheroadtransportsystem.”

Itisuponthisprinciplethatthefuturesocietywithsaferoadtrafficcandevelop:

throughdesigningandconstructingroads,vehiclesandtransportservicessothatthelevelofviolencethatcanbetoleratedbythehumanbeingisnotexceeded;andthroughtheeffectivecontributionofdifferentsupportsystemssuchasrulesandregulations,education,information,surveillance,rescueservices,careandrehabilitation.Withthisasthebasis,therewillbeapositivedemandfornewandeffectivesolutionsthatcancontributetoaroadtransportsystemwherehumanneeds,prerequisitesanddemandsareinfocus.

“Itistrue,that95%ofallcrashesorcollisionsdependonhumanerror,butaccordingtoVisionZerophilosophy,95%ofthesolutionsareinchangingroads,streetsorvehicles.”Somesimpleexamplesfollow:

（1）DriversinSwedenusedtohavea92%seat-beltwearingrate.Goodbutnotgoodenough.EuroNCaP1establishedaprotocolforseat-beltremindersacoupleofyearsagohavingtheeffectthat70%ofnewcarssoldinSweden2005hadseat-beltreminders.Thedriversofthesecarshaveaseat-beltwearingrateof99%.Hence,theproblemofseat-beltwearingwillgraduallybesolvedataverylowcost.

（2）Alcohol:

Allovertheworldalcoholandtrafficisabigproblem,evenifimprovementscanbemadewithstrictlegislationandenforcement.Bydemonstratingademandforsafetransportprimarilybyprofessionaltransportersademandfor“provensober”transportshasrisen.InSwedenabout50%ofallschoolbuseshavealcoholinterlocks（adevicethatchecksifthedriverissober）.AnewgenerationofAlcolocksarecomingonthemarket（atleastfourcompetitorsinEurope/USA）reducingpriceandimprovingperformance.

Inthiswayacarthatremindsyoutouseyourseat-belt,andchecksyourbreathforalcohol,orotherwisechecksyourperformance,andassistsyoutobeabetter,saferdriver.DifferentaspectsoftheVisionZerophilosophycanbefoundin（Tingvalletal.,1996,1997;Tingvall,1998,2007;Belinetal.,1997）.

3.Traditionalroaddesignphilosophy

Thetraditionalroad-orientedsafetyphilosophyhasasitsstartingpointthe‘‘accident”.Accidentstatisticsarenormallybasedonpolicereportsmadeupontrafficaccidentsknowntothepolice.Thesestatisticshavebeenusedbyroadauthoritiesworld-widefordescribingandanalysingtheroadsafetyproblemassociatedwithroadsandroaddesign.Itisimportanttonoticethattheconceptsoftrafficaccidentsand（bad）roadsafetyarenots