职称英语卫生类完形填空.docx

职称英语卫生类完形填空.docx

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职称英语卫生类完形填空

第一篇TheWorldHealthOrganization1estimatesthataboutone-thirdofallpeopleareinfectedwithbacteriathatcausetuberculosis.Mosttimes,theinfectionremainsinactive.ButeachyearabouteightmillionpeopledevelopactivecasesofTB,usuallyintheirlungs.Twomillionpeopledieofofit.ThediseasehasincreasedwiththespreadofAIDSanddrug-resistantformsoftuberculosis.

Currenttreatmentstakeatleastsixmonths.Peoplehavetotakeacombinationofseveralantibioticdrugsdaily.Butmanypeoplestopassoonastheyfeelbetter.Doingthatcanleadtoaninfectionthatresiststreatment.Publichealthexpertsagreethatafaster-actingcurefortuberculosiswouldbemoreeffective.Nowastudyestimatesjusthoweffectiveitmightbe.AprofessorofinternationalhealthatHarvardUniversity2ledthestudy.JoshuaSalomonsaysashortertreatmentprogramwouldlikelymeannotjustmorepatientscured.Itwouldalsomeanfewerinfectiouspatientswhocanpassontheirinfectiontoothers.

Theresearchersdevelopedamathematicalmodeltoexaminetheeffectsofatwo-monthtreatmentplan.TheytestedthemodelwithcurrentTBconditionsinSoutheastAsia.Thescientistsfoundthatatwo-monthtreatmentcouldpreventabouttwentypercentofnewcases.Anditmightpreventabouttwenty-fivepercentofTBdeaths.Themodelshowsthatthesereductionswouldtakeplacebetweentwothousandtwelveandtwothousandthirty.Thatis,ifafastercureisdevelopedandinwideusebytwothousandtwelve.

TheWorldHealthOrganizationreductionstheDOTS3programinnineteenninety.DOTSisDirectlyObservedTreatment,Short-course.Healthworkerswatchtuberculosispatientstaketheirdailypillstomakesuretheycontinuetreatment.

Earlierthisyear,aninternationalpartnershipoforganizationsannouncedaplantoexpandtheDOTSprogram.Theten-yearplanalsoaimstofinanceresearchintonewTBdrugs.Thefourmostcommondrugsusednowaremorethanfortyyearsold.TheGlobalAllianceforTBDrugDevelopment4saysitslong-termgoalisatreatmentthatcouldworkinasfewastendoses.

第二篇Everylivingthinghaswhatscientistscallabiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Thebiologicalclocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhentheflowersshouldopen.Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonsandflyaway，andittellsanimalsandhumanbeingswhentoeat,sleepandwake.

Eventsoutsidetheplantandanimalaffecttheactionsofsomebiologicalclocks.Scientistsrecentlyfound,forexample,thatatinyanimalchangesthecolorofitsfurbecauseofthenumberofhoursofdaylight.Intheshortdaysofwinter,itsfurbecomeswhite.Thefurbecomesgraybrownincolorinthelongerhoursofdaylightinsummer.

Innersignalscontrolotherbiologicalclocks.Germanscientistsfoundthatsomekindofinternalclockseemstoorderbirdstobegintheirlongmigrationflighttwiceeachyear.Birdspreventedfromflyingbecomerestlesswhenitistimeforthetrip，buttheybecomecalmagainwhenthetimeoftheflighthasended.

Scientistssaytheyarebeginningtolearnwhichpartsofthebraincontainbiologicalclocks.AnAmericanresearcher,MartinMoorhead,saidasmallgroupofcellsnearthefrontofthebrainseemstocontrolthetimingofsomeofouractions.Thesecellstellapersonwhentoawaken，whentosleepandwhentoseekfood.Scientistssaythereprobablyareotherbiologicalclockcellsthatcontrolotherbodyactivities.

Dr.Moorheadisstudyinghowourbiologicalclocksaffectthewaywedoourwork.Forexample,mostofushavegreatdifficultyifwemustoftenchangetodifferentworkhours.

Itcantakemanydaysforahumanbodytoacceptthemajorchangeinworkhours.Dr.Moorheadsaidindustrialofficialsshouldhaveabetterunderstandingofbiologicalclocksandhowtheyaffectworkers.Hesaidsuchunderstandingcouldcutsicknessandaccidentsatworkandwouldhelpincreaseafactory’sproduction,

第三篇It’snowafairbetthatwewillneverseethetotalextinctionofthesmallpoxvirus.Theideawastocapthegloriousachievementof1980,whensmallpoxwaseradicatedinthewild,bydestroyingthekillervirusinthelasttwolabsthataresupposedtohaveit—oneintheUSandoneinRussia.Ifsmallpoxhadtrulygonefromtheplanet,whatpointwasthereinkeepingthesereserves?

inreality,ofcourse,itwasnaivetoimaginethateveryonewouldletgoofsuchapotentialweapon.Undoubtedlyseveralnationsstillhaveafewmuchvials.Andthelast“official”stocksoflicevirusbredmistrustoftheUSandRussia,fornoobviousgain.

NowAmericanresearchershavefoundananimalmodelofthehumandisease,openingthewayfortestsonnewtreatmentsandvaccines.Sooneagainthere’sagoodreasontokeepthevirus—justincasethediseaseputsinareappearance.

Howdowe_dealwiththemistrustoftheUSandRussia?

SimpleKeepthevirusunderinternationalauspicesinawell-guardedUNlaboratorythat’sopentoallcountries.TheUSwillobject,ofcourse,justasitrejectsamultilateralapproachtojustabouteverything.Butitdoesn’tmeantheideaiswrong.Ifthevirusisuseful,thenlet’smakeittheservantofallhumanity—notjustapartofit.

第四篇Dietissecondonlytotobaccoasaleadingcauseofcancerand,alongwithalcohol,isresponsiblefornearlyonethirdofcasesofthediseaseindevelopedcountries,aleadingresearchersaidonTuesday.

Dr.TimKey,oftheUniversityofOxford,toldacancerconferencethatscientistsarestilldiscoveringhowcertainfoodscontributetocancer,buttheyknowthatdiet,alcoholandobesity.playamajorrole.

“Fivepercentofcancerscouldbeavoidedifnobodywasobese,”hesaid.

Whiletobaccoisblinkedtoabout30percentofcancercases,dietisinvolvedinanestimated25percentandalcoholinaboutsixpercent.

Obesityraisestheriskofbreast,womb,bowelandkidneycancer,whilealcoholisknowntocausecancersofthemouth,throatandliver,Itsdangerousimpactisincreasedwhencombinedwithsmoking.

KeytoldthemeetingofthecharityCancerResearchUKthatotherelementsofdietlinkedtocancerarestillunknownbutscientistsarehopingthattheEPICstudy,whichiscomparingthedietsof500,000peoplein10countriesandtheirriskofcancer,willprovidesomeanswers.

EarlyresultsofthestudyhaverevealedthatNorway,SwedenandDenmarkhavethelowestconsumptionoffruitandvegetablesamongEuropeancountrieswhileItalyandSpainhavethehighest.Eatingatleastfiveportionsoffruitandvegetablesadayisrecommendedtoreducetheriskofcancer.

Key,principalscientistontheEPICstudy,saiditislookingatdietarylinkstosomeofthemostcommoncancersincludingcolorectal,breastandprostate.

第五篇Nearlythreein10menhaveexperiencedviolenceatthehandsofanintimatepartnerduringtheirlifetimes,accordingtooneofthefewstudiestolookatdomesticviolenceandhealthamongmen.

"Manymenactuallydoexperiencedomesticviolence,althoughwedon'thearaboutitoften,"Dr.RobertJ.ReidoftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle,oneofthestudy'sauthors,toldReutersHealth."Theyoftendon'ttell__and__wedon'task.Wewanttogetthemessageouttomenwhodoexperiencedomesticviolencethattheyarenotaloneandthereareresourcesavailabletothem"

Theresearchersaskedstudyparticipantsaboutphysicalabuseandnon-physicalabuse,suchasthreatsthatmadethemfearfortheirsafety,controllingbehavior（forexample,beingtoldwhotheycouldassociatewithandwheretheycouldgo）,andconstantname-calling.

Amongmen18to54yearsold,14.2percentsaidtheyhadexperiencedintimatepartner__violenceinthepastfiveyears,while6.1percentreporteddomesticviolenceinthepreviousyear.

Rateswerelowerformen55andolder,with5.3percentreportingviolenceinthepastfiveyearsand2.4percenthavingexperienceditinthepast12months.

Overall,30.5percentofmenyoungerthan55and26.5percentofoldermensaidtheyhadbeenvictimsofdomesticviolenceatsomepointintheirlives.Abouthalfoftheviolencethemenexperiencedwasphysical.

However,thephysicalviolencemenreportedwasn'tasharshasthatsufferedbywomeninapreviousstudy;20percentto40percentofthemenrateditassevere,comparedto61percentofwomen

Menwhoreportedexperiencingdomesticviolencehadmoreemotionalandmentalhealthproblemsthanthosewhohadnot,especiallyoldermen,theresearchersfound.

*第六篇Bristol-MyersMyersSquibbandGileadScienceshavecombinedmanyHIVdrugsintoasinglepillSometimesthebestmedicineismorethanonekindofmedicine.Malaria,tuberculosisandHIV/AIDS,2forexample,arealltreatedwithcombinationsofdrugs.Butthatcanmeanalotofpillstotake.Itwouldbesimplerifdrugcompaniescombinedallthemedicinesintoasinglepill,takenjustonceaday.

Now,twocompaniessaytheyhavedonethatforpeoplejuststartingtreatmentforHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.ThecompaniesareBristol-MyersSquibbandGileadSciences.Theyhavedevelopedasinglepillthatcombinesthreedrugscurrentlyonthemarket.3Bristol-MyersSquibbsellsoneofthemunderthenameofSustiva.4Gileadcombinedtheothers,EmtrivaandViread,intoasinglepillintwothousandfour.

Combiningdrugsinvolvesmorethantechnicalissues.Italsoinvolvesissuesofcompetitionifthedrugsaremadebydifferentcompanies.Thenewonce-dailypillistheresultofwhatisdescribedasthefirstjointventureagreementofitskindinthetreatmentofHIV

InJanuarytheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine5publishedastudyofthenewpill.Researcherscompareditseffectivenessto6thatofthewidelyusedcombination