跨文化交际上课内容0910下0102.docx

跨文化交际上课内容0910下0102.docx

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跨文化交际上课内容0910下0102

Week1&2

ABriefIntroductiontoInterculturalCommunication

Course:

InterculturalCommunication

Teachingaimofthisterm:

Tomakestudentsunderstandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturetofosterinterculturalcommunicationawarenessanddevelopinterculturalcommunicativecompetenceandtocomprehensivelyimprovetheoverallquality.

Requirementsforthecourse:

beforeclass,preparethelesson;

duringtheclass,takenotesverycarefully;

afterclass,finishtheexercises.

Yourfinalscore:

homework+classperformance+midtermexam=40%

termexam=60%

Introduction:

InterculturalCommunication&Cross-culturalCommunication

Topicsforpresentation（asareference）

Names

Addressing

ExpressingThanksandResponses

FamilyLife

Friendship

SocialInteraction

TermsofColor

Idioms

Introduction

Conversation

Telephonecalls

Facialexpressions

Eyebehaviors

Gestures

Posture

TimeandSpace

UnitOne&TwoCommunication,CultureandInterculturalCommunication

I.WhatIsCommunication?

Decidewhetherthefollowingareexamplesofcommunicationsornot?

Why?

1.Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.

2.TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille.

3.AGermanbusinessmannegotiates,throughaninterpreter,withhisChinesecounterpart.

4.Afarmergivesinstructionstohisploughingcow.

5.Aprogrammerissuescommandstoacomputer.

6.Tomtalkstohimselfwhileflourishinghistoygun.

7.Yousendane-mailmessagetoanAmericanfriend.

8.Janeliesinbedreadinganovel.

TheBasicsofCommunication:

Communicationoccursif:

1.twoormorepeople;2.contact;3.asharedlanguage;4.anexchangeofinformation.

Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages50-59.Whataretheelementsofcommunication?

ØContext:

fouraspects（thephysicalsetting,historicalaspect,psychologicalaspect,cultureaspect）

ØParticipants:

threevariables（relationship,gender,culture）

ØMessages:

meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding.

ØChannels:

themethodusedtodeliveramessage（sound,sight,smell,taste,touch,oranycombinationofthese）

ØNoise（干扰）:

atermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise,internalnoiseandsemanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.

ØFeedback:

theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessage

Definition:

Ø“Communicationmaybedefinedasthatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidueofthebehaviorofanotherperson.”

----L.A.Samovar,etal

Keypoints:

1Thebehaviorincludesverbalbehaviorandnon-verbalbehavior.

2themeaningof“behaviorresidue":

simultaneouscommunicationandnon-simultaneouscommunication.

3Abehavior,whetherintentionalorunintentional,consciousorunconscious,onceisreceived,communicationoccurs.

4Feedbackisnotaprerequisiteofcommunication.Sotheremaybeone-waycommunication.

2.FactorsAffectingCommunication

Eightspecificingredientsofcommunication:

①thesource（行为源）:

apersonwhohasaneedtocommunicate

②encoding（编码）:

aninternalactivityinwhichasourcecreatesamessagethroughtheselectionofverbalandnon-verbalsymbols（行为源组织信息的内心活动）.

③message（信息）:

theresultofencoding,oncespokenoutandreceived,becomesamessage.

④channel（渠道）:

thephysicalmeansbywhichthemessageistransmitted.

⑤theresponder（反应者）:

thepersonwhointerceptsthemessageandasaconsequencebecomeslinkedtothesource.

⑥decoding（译码）:

theinternalactivityofthereceiver’sinformationprocessing.

⑦response（反应）:

whatareceiverdecidestodoaboutthemessage.

⑧feedback（反馈）:

feedbackandresponseareclearlyrelated.Responsebecomesfeedbackwhenreceivedbythesource.

ØOftheeightingredients,thesourceandtheresponder,encodinganddecoding,arethemostimportantbecausetheyarerelatedtopersons.

Somepersonalfactors:

sex,age,temperament,occupation,socialstatus,knowledgestructure,lifeexperience,etc.

Uncertainfactors,varyingatdifferenttime:

intention,mood,statusatthattime,etc.

Objectivefactors:

time,place,occasion.

3.CommunicationTypes

①basedonsymbolsused:

verbalandnon-verbal

②basedonmedia:

directandindirect

③basedonfeedback:

two-wayandone-way

④basedonnumbersofthesourcesandresponders:

one/group-to-oneandone/group-to-group

⑤basedonsetresponder:

directedandnon-directed

⑥basedonthesource’sintention:

intentionalandunintentional

⑦basedontheresponder’sactiveness:

activeandpassive

⑧basedontime:

simultaneousandnon-simultaneous

*FurtherExplanations:

Two-waycommunication:

Communicatorscanseeeachotherandmonitoreachother’sbehaviour--directcommunication.

One-waycommunication:

communicatorscannotseeeachother,andhencecannotmonitoreachother’sbehaviour--indirectcommunication.

4.CharacteristicsofCommunication（P68-72）

1Communicationisdynamic.Itisanon-going,ever-changingactivity.Wearesuretobeinfluencedbyother’smessage,whethergraduallyorradically.

2Itisinteractive（interpersonalcommunication）.

3Itisirreversible.

4Itiscontextual.

More:

Communicationissystematic:

Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.

Communicationissymbolic:

Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbolisaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning.People'sbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.

Communicationisself-reflective:

Humanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.

II.WhatIsCulture?

Pleasereadoverthearticleonpages40-44.Whatcanyoulearnaboutculturefromit?

1.People who know about art, musicand literature are cultured….

2.People have to learn the cultural ways of theircommunity;theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.

1.OriginsofcultureinEnglishandChinese

（1）“Culture”isaloanwordfromLatinmeaning“cultivatingortillingtheland”.Itwasoriginallyassociatedwithphysicalactivitiesandproductionoffood.Later,itsmeaningwasextendedtoincludemental,moral,aesthetic,educationalandintellectualactivities.IncontemporaryEnglishitsoriginalmeaningisstillretained.

（2）“文化”isanativewordinChinese.“文”and“化”wereusedtogetherintheWarringStates.“人文”in“观乎人文，以化成天下”referstotheinterwovenrelationshipsbetweenthemonarchandhissubjects,fathersandsons,husbandsandwives,brothersandfriends,and“化”means“changingand/orcultivating”.Whenusedtogether,“文”and“化”mean“以文教化”.TheywerecombinedintoonewordinHanDynasty,withitsmeaningcontrastedwith“nature”ononehandand“primitiveness”and“savage”ontheotherhand.So“文化”wasoriginallyassociatedwithmentalactivities.

2.Definition

Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculture---theideasandthestandardstheyhaveincommon.

—R.Benedict

AccordingtoTheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis“theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively”.

DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective:

♦“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues”.

-----KroeberandKluckhohn

DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective

♦cultureis"thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother".

----GeertHofstede

DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective

♦“Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperception—includingbothverbalandnonverballanguageattitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior”.

DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective

♦“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”

[BatesandPlog]

A.Cultureinitsbroadsense

Cultureistheattributeofman,or,whateverdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworldisculture.Basedonthis,Prof.LinDajinprovidesaChinesecounterpartdefinition:

文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征.Itmayincludethefollowingcomponents:

①Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds,includingscienceandtechnology,suchasspaceshuttles,airplanes,andcars;

②Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished,includingsocioeconomicinstitutions,politico-legalinstitutions,andreligiousorganizations;

③Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment,includingvarioussubjectssuchasmathematicsandeducation,andartisticformssuchasliterature,painting,musicanddance;

④Languageandothercommunicationsystemssuchasgesturesandfacialexpressions;

⑤Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns;

⑥Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.

Cultureinthissenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”oracademiccultureorculturewithabigC（大写字母的文化）.It’scultureingeneral,cultureofallnationalitiesandethnicgroups.ButweknowtherearespecificculturessuchasChinese,AmericanandBritish.According